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An Italian explorer sailed under Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain in search for a western ocean route to Asia. He first landed on a Bahamian island, believing he had reached East Asia. Soon after, Columbus and his men landed on Hispaniola where he established a small colony. In 1493, Columbus was revered when he returned to Spain with gold, spices, and a few Indians. Even though Columbus didn’t discover the Americas, his exploration sparked a new age of exploration in Europe.
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Refers to the flow of goods between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that followed Columbus's widely advertised "discovery" of the New World. People, animals, plants, and disease passed from continent to continent affecting virtually all aspects of the environment in all three.
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Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.
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The Encomienda system was a labor/economic system developed by the Spanish to the determine the status of Native Americans. The system was a way of controlling the natives.
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Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztec empire in 1519, thereby claiming Mexico for Spain. Spain was eager to colonize Mexico ever since they discovered the Yucatan peninsula a year before Hernan Cortes ships reached Mexico. Cortes was easily able to defeat the Natives he encountered at Tabasco. The natives ended up providing the Europeans with food, supplies, and women, including Malintzin, an interpreter.
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The Transatlantic slave trade shipped approximately 12 million Africans from West Africa to New World to work on plantations. West africans captured and sold fellow Africans to Europeans. The Portuguese were the first to complete a transatlantic shipment of slaves.
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The New Laws were sets of laws for the Indies created by King Charles V of Spain in regard to Spanish colonization of the Americas.The laws were pro-Indian and called for the better treatment and preservation of Indians. They were created in response to the encomienda system, which likened colonial society to feudalism, which was the society in the Old World.
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Tobacco was a lucrative cash crop in the New World. Once harvested, tobacco was sent back to the mother country and sold. It proved to work well with the mercantilist system because it was profitable for the mother country. In the colonies, the cultivation of tobacco demanded more slaves and more land. Because cultivating tobacco was arduous work, more slave labor was needed.
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Jamestown was the first successful permanent English settlement. England sought to parallel and surpass the discoveries and settlements of other European nations. In 1607, members of the joint stock company known as the Virginia Company founded Jamestown. The colony was named after King James I.
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The House of Burgesses was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America. This body was created as part of an effort to inspire English craftsmen to journey and settle in North America.This is significant because it showed order in the colony and trained the future founding fathers George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.
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Pilgrims seeking religious freedom arrived in the New England area on November 11th,1620 aboard the Mayflower. During the trip, the colonists signed the Mayflower Compact.This is significant because it shows how the colonists did not approve of Britain's controlling perspectives on religion, and how although they left, they still want to show their loyalty to the crown.
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It was a deal with the church that extended to kids of church members. it gave them membership of the church even though they had not fully been confirmed
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A Wampanoag leader, called Phillip, started a war against the English when they wanted to put all the natives under English control
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Armed rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley. They did not achieve the goal they wanted but ultimately led to Berkeley being called back to England.
This is significant because it led to the heavy need for African slave labor. -
New England consists of the present day states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, New Jersey, and New York. At the time they were mostly British colonies.
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In Salem, Massachusetts people were put on trial and many were hung after being accused of being a which or participating in which craft.
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This was a major part of the triangle slave trade. in 1725 it was reported that 30 slaves had died on the middle passage journey.
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It was a time of religious revival that swept across the colonies as well as Europe. It left a lasting impression on american Protestantism.
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A conference of colonial delegates from Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, and New England met in Albany to discuss a treaty with the Iroquois
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British control over colonies during the French and Indian War was the inciting element that sparked tensions between the British and the colonists. The opening battle of the French and Indian war took place at Fort Necessity. During the battle, the French and Native American attack the fort and fight an irregular warfare in the forests.
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Marked the ending of the French and Indian War. In addition, it marked the end to colonial self-government and the beginning of colonial resistance to British authorities. It also heightened tensions between the colonists and the Native Americans.
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A proclamation issued on October 7, 1763 that was created to alleviate relations with natives after the French and Indian War. Colonists were not permitted to pass the Appalachian Mountains for permanent settlement.
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The violent clash between British troops and a Boston mob occurred on March 5, 1770. 5 citizens were killed when the troops fired on the crowd that were harassing them. The incident inflamed anti-British sentiment in the colony.
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Colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded British ships carrying tea in the Boston Harbor. The colonists proceeded to dump tea in the harbor in response to the tea act.
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Also known as the Intolerable Acts. They were instituted by the British as a punishment for the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Harbor would be closed until the debt could be repaid. In addition, all town meetings were dissolved in Massachusetts. Lastly, the British appointed government officials from Britain.
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Met in Philadelphia to determine how the colonies should react to what seemed to pose an alarming threat to their rights and liberties. Georgia was the only colony not in attendance. There was no talk of secession from England yet. The colonies assembled to protest parliamentary acts and restore the relationship they had with the British before the French and Indian War.
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"Shot heard around the world." British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. 73 British troops were killed and 200 were wounded/missing. These battles initiated the Revolutionary War and resulted in a British retreat to Boston.
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A formal declaration of independence from Britain was declared by the colonies. Two days later the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the new congress. This declaration had the greatest impact on the public than ever before.
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In Shays’ Rebellion, farmers in Massachusetts attacked Springfield Arsenal after facing economic issues. These issues consisted of high taxes, eviction, and debt, which ultimately led to imprisonment. This rebellion, which was eventually put down by state militia, demonstrated the need for a stronger centralized government.
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After Shay’s rebellion, the elite land owners were afraid of the poor seizing land and participating in more rebellions, along with slaves rising up against their masters. The Congress agreed to a meeting with the purpose of adding amendments to the Articles of Confederation. The men in attendance were nationalists with a desire for stronger government.
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Washington was the first president of the United States. He was the fearless military leader in the French and Indian War and the Revolutionary War. Washington was one of the founding fathers of the United States of America, and he helped establish a monarch-free democracy also free from European control. He was a Federalist and was unanimously elected to be the first president. He was sworn in on April 30, 1789. He established several precedents including the Cabinet and a two term presidency.
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The Whiskey Rebellion was a revolt by farmers in western Pennsylvania who opposed the federal tax on whiskey. Troops were sent in by President Washington, under the command of Alexander Hamilton. In 1794, a letter to Governor Thomas Mifflin of Pennsylvania from Hamilton reported “while it shows a great proportion of the Inhabitants of those Counties disposed to pursue the path of Duty, shews also, that there is a large and violent Party which can only be controlled by the application of Force.”
