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~1400s-1769
"old order" of Europe dominated by monarchy, pre-industrial economic structures (mostly farming), and traditonal social roles based on collective identity -
~16th century to 18th century
A move from self-sufficient, subsistent farming to a commercial based nation-state economy -
~16th to 17th century
scientific and technical development ushering in machinery -
Took in unwanted babies
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used the seed drill to plant in straight rows for more yield and later planting
More efficient! -
developed crop rotation using wheat, turnips, carley, and clover so fields did not lie fallow, yielding better soil and more fodder for livestock. This created more meat and manure for field fertilzer, increasing food supply and thus, population growth
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50% of English open-field land came under legal enclosure, vastly improving commercial production and severely undercutting the poorer peasant communities(wealthy peasants reaped great profits).
The paternal lord-serf relationship was broken
This pattern slowly spread across the continent -
early 18th century
1% efficient pump using pistons
used in mines and improved upon by Watt -
~18th to 19th century
land enclosure and innovation in farming and breeding
Food most important
population growth
New Crops and methods
(Tull, Townsend, Bakewell, Young)
France innovated but enclosed less, increasing food supply but avoided peasand riots
Eastern Europe- less innovation occured as landlords extended landholdings and worked to squeeze more labor out of serfs -
Mostly in eastern Europe
discrimination and legal limits
Poland- 3 million
Austria- 150K100K Prussia
Catherine II of Russia excluded Jews at first
Partitions of Poland
Court Jews, Samuel Oppenheimer
Jews who converted welcomed into christian community
Most poor
pogroms
ghettos -
Better agriculture, more food, more people
Causes:
Decline in death
EFFECTS
new demand for food, goods, jobs and services
more migration to cities
social and political discontent
some hygiene
POTATO- more stable and nutritious -
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experimented with new breeding methods for bigger, better animals producing more meat and milk
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partner of Watt who consults with Jon Wilkinson to apply Watt's engine for commercial use
Convinces Watt to make further improvements, thus transforming the cotton industry and transportation in shipping, wagons adn rails
TRAIN -
mechanized shuttle to increase weaving
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Significant spike in 18th century (1,700 to 7,600)
Lottery to take in children
Rising food prices caused more abandonment
10% lived past 10 years old -
edited the Annals of Agriculture, was secretary of the British Board of Agriculture and traveled and published widely on agricultural techniques
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~18th to 19th centuries
Sustained economic growth based on mechanized production with the means and modes of production in the hands of private owners centered around factories and urban living Effects:
Restructuring of work and life from rural to urban
Decline of women's work and status
Growth of cities
Dislocation of poor adn rise of the middle clas (bourgeoise) Not political, didn't happen quickly
Began in England! -
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allowed multiple spindles on one machine multiplying output (from 16 to 120 by 1900)
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water powered divice for cotton production; had to be near streams and initiates the factory. Steam later used.
Increased cotton production by 800%; 40% domestic exports in 1815 and 50% by 1830 -
more than any other invention, this device expanded industrialization in textiles, mining, and ultimately, transportation.
SYMBIOTIC relationships:
steam-iron
iron-rail -
Austria, Prussia, Russia gain many Jews
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by the 1830s machine looms replaced most handloom workers
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Puddling:
improved quality of iron
Rolling mill:
create iron bars and rails, etc -
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