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National Costituent Assembly
Refers to a governing body established during times of political transition or constitutional reform. It is typically responsible for drafting or amending a nation's constitution. Its members are elected by the people, representing a range of political views and societal interests. The objective of the National Constituent Assembly is to create a new framework for governance that reflects the aspirations and values of the nation while ensuring the protection of fundamental rights. -
Formal opening of the Estates General
Took place on May 5, 1789, at the Palace of Versailles in France. It marked a moment in the lead-up to the French Revolution. The Estates General was convened by King Louis XVI to address France's financial crisis, the three estate, the clergy, nobility, and commoner. King Louis XVI delivered a speech emphasizing the need for financial reform and unity among the estates. Despite the hopes for cooperation, tensions and divisions quickly emerged and the intensification of the revolution. -
Tennis court Oath
Occurred June 20, 1789, in the first days of the French Revolution. It took place in Versailles, when members of the Third Estate, who represented the commoners, were locked out of their meeting room. In response, they moved to a tennis court and took an oath not to disband until a new constitution was established. It demonstrated the determination of the Third Estate to challenge the authority of the monarchy and fight for equal representation. Led the creation of the National Assembly -
Storming of the Bastille
The Storming of the Bastille, which took place on July 14, 1789, was a event during the French Revolution. Angry and frustrated by food shortages and political oppression, a large crowd of Parisians stormed the Bastille prison, a symbol of royal authority. They overpowered the guards, released the prisoners, and seized the prison's arsenal. This dramatic event marked the beginning of the French Revolution and is often seen as a symbol of the people's fight against tyranny. -
The August Decrees
Were a set of legislative measures introduced during the French Revolution in August 1789. They were aimed at addressing the grievances of the French population and establishing a more equitable society. The decrees abolished feudalism, leading to the end of the privileges of the nobility and clergy. They also introduced principles of equality before the law and freedom of speech. These decrees played a role in the course of the French Revolution and promoting the ideals of the Enlightenment. -
The Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizen
Adopted in 1789 during the French Revolution, is a fundamental document that outlines the rights and freedoms of individuals. It asserts the inherent and equal rights of all citizens, including liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. The declaration emphasizes the principles of equality before the law, freedom of speech, religion, and assembly. It also establishes the separation of powers and the right of citizens to participate in the formation of laws and government. -
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Legislative Assembly
Was established in 1791 as the replacement for the National Constituent Assembly. Composed of representatives elected by French citizens, it marked a transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. The Legislative Assembly was characterized by political divisions, with members aligning themselves with factions such as the Girondins and the Jacobins. It was marked by debates over war, foreign policy.
Ultimately, the Legislative Assembly was dissolved in 1792. -
The Fight to Varennes
Refers to the escape of King Louis XVI and his family from Paris during the French Revolution. In June 1791, they fled in disguise towards the eastern border, aiming to reach the fortress town of Montmédy. However, their plan was foiled when they were recognized and apprehended in the town of Varennes. This event marked a turning point in the revolution, as it solidified the growing opposition towards the monarchy and contributed to the rise of radical factions within the revolutionaries. -
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1st French Republic
The First French Republic was established in 1792, following the French Revolution. It marked the end of the monarchy and the beginning of a new era in France. During this time, the republic faced numerous challenges, including political instability, economic hardships, and external threats from other European powers. The republic ultimately gave rise to the authoritarian rule of Napoleon Bonaparte, who would later become Emperor of the French. -
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National Convection
Was a key political body during the French Revolution. It was established in 1792 and replaced the Legislative Assembly. The Convention was responsible for declaring France a republic and abolishing the monarchy. It was divided into different political factions, including the Girondins and the Jacobins, and played a significant role in executing King Louis XVI. The National Convention also implemented radical policies and reforms, such as the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror. -
The Assembly declares war on Austria
In a stunning turn of events, The Assembly, a powerful coalition of nations, has officially declared war on Austria. The decision comes amidst escalating tensions and perceived threats to regional stability. The Assembly aims to address long-standing grievances and protect its member states from potential aggression. The declaration sets the stage for a complex and volatile conflict with far-reaching implications for the European continent. -
Storming of the Tuileries Palace
On August 10, 1792, a mob of revolutionaries attacked the royal residence in Paris, France. They overpowered the Swiss Guard defending the palace, leading to the deposition of King Louis XVI and the fall of the French monarchy. The event marked a pivotal moment in the French Revolution, as it demonstrated the growing power and influence of the radical revolutionaries. The storming of the Tuileries Palace ultimately paved the way for the establishment of the First French Republic. -
Execution of Louis XVI
Louis XVI, the last king of France before the French Revolution, faced execution on January 21, 1793. Accused of treason and failing to protect the nation, he was found guilty by the National Convention. Despite some opposition, including calls for clemency, Louis XVI was ultimately executed by guillotine. His execution marked a turning point in the French Revolution, symbolizing the end of monarchy and the rise of the revolutionary forces. -
Execution of Robespierre
Was a prominent figure during the French Revolution, known for his role in the Reign of Terror. As a leader of the Committee of Public Safety, he implemented radical policies and executed perceived enemies of the revolution. His pursuit of a "Republic of Virtue" led to a period of intense repression and mass executions, resulting in public backlash. Eventually, Robespierre himself was arrested and executed, marking the end of his reign and the decline of the radical phase of the revolution. -
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Directory
the Directory established in France in 1795, were lists of government officials or prominent individuals within a particular region. They typically included names, titles, and sometimes addresses or contact information. The purpose of these directories was to provide a comprehensive record of the people in positions of power or influence at the time. It was composed by five-member committee which governed France from 1795, until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire -
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The Napoleonic Era
It was dominated by the rise and rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this time, Napoleon consolidated his power as First Consul and later declared himself Emperor of the French. His military campaigns and reforms significantly reshaped Europe and brought about profound political and social changes. The era witnessed major conflicts, including the Napoleonic Wars, which saw Napoleon's empire reach its peak before ultimately collapsing in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo. -
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The Consulate
It marked a shift in power from the radical Jacobins to a more stable government led by Napoleon Bonaparte. During this time, Napoleon consolidated his authority and implemented numerous reforms, such as the Napoleonic Code and the establishment of a centralized administrative system. The Consulate laid the foundation for Napoleon's rise to Emperor and the subsequent Napoleonic era in France. -
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The Empire
Was a period of significant political and social change in France. Led by Napoleon Bonaparte, it marked the end of the revolutionary phase and the establishment of a new regime. The Empire saw the centralization of power, the creation of a new legal code, and the expansion of French influence across Europe through military campaigns. However, it also faced resistance and ultimately ended with Napoleon's defeat and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. -
Battle of Austerlitz
In 1805, was a decisive victory for Napoleon Bonaparte's French forces against the combined armies of Austria and Russia. With strategic brilliance, Napoleon outmaneuvered his opponents, leading to a crushing defeat that resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Pressburg. The battle showcased Napoleon's military genius and solidified his dominance in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars. Austerlitz is often regarded as one of Napoleon's greatest triumphs and a turning point in European history. -
Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar, 1805, was a significant naval engagement during the Napoleonic Wars. The British Royal Navy, led by Admiral Horatio Nelson, faced off against the combined French and Spanish fleets. Employing a daring strategy, Nelson divided his forces and executed a successful pincer attack. Despite his own death during the battle, Nelson's tactics resulted in a decisive victory for the British, securing their naval supremacy and thwarting Napoleon's plans to invade Britain. -
Battle of Leipzig
The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of Nations, took place in 1813 during the Napoleonic Wars. It was a decisive confrontation between the combined forces of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden against the French army led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. The battle resulted in a resounding victory for the coalition forces, leading to the collapse of Napoleon's power in Germany. It marked a turning point in the war and contributed to Napoleon's eventual downfall. -
Battle of Waterloo
In 1815, near Waterloo in present day Belgium. It was a decisive battle fought between Napoleon Bonaparte's French army and a coalition of British, Prussian, and Dutch forces led by the Duke of Wellington. The battle resulted in a resounding victory for the coalition forces, effectively ending Napoleon's rule and marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The battle is known for its fierce fighting, strategic maneuvering, and the crucial role played by the Prussian army in securing victory.