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During this time period, the National Assembly gained power. They wrote a constitution for France that worked to change this for the people of the 3rd Estate. Louis XVI's power became more limited. Special privileges of the first 2 estates were removed. Many monarchs went to war against France which caused the Radical Phase.
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General Bonaparte, France’s post-revolutionary Directory sought to do two things. The first was to block Britain’s trade route to India and re-establish commerce with the Levant. The French won the Battle of the Pyramids. He established the Institut d’Egypte for French scholars, a library, a chemistry laboratory, a health service, a botanical garden, an observatory, an antiquities museum,
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Tales of attacks on villages and towns spread panic. Other rumors asserted that government troops were seizing peasant crops.to reimpose medieval dues. Defiant peasants set fire to old manor records and stole grain from storehouses. The attacks eventually died down, but they clearly showed peasant anger with the injustice of the old order.
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Delegates to the Estates-General from the Third Estate were elected. They went to Versailles not only to solve the financial crisis but also to insist on reform. The Estates-General convened in May 1789. From the start, the delegates were deadlocked over the issue of voting. Traditionally, each estate had met and voted separately. Each group had one vote.
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In October 1791, the newly elected Legislative Assembly took office. Faced with crises at home and abroad, it survived for less than a year. Economic problems fed renewed turmoil. By 1791, many sans-culottes demanded an end to the monarchy and the creation of a republic. They also wanted the government to guarantee them a living wage.
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Reign of Terror lasted from September 1793 until the fall of Robespierre in 1794. Its purpose was to purge France of enemies of the Revolution and protect the country from foreign invaders. France was governed by the Committee of Public Safety. In the course of nine months, 16, 000 people were guillotined. In 1794, the armies of France were very successful against their enemies, which meant that the Terror was no longer necessary.
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The middle class and professional people dominated this stage of the Revolution. Moving away from the excesses of the Convention, moderates produced another constitution, the third since 1789. Weak, but willing to use force against its enemies, the Directory faced many challenges. Another threat to the Directory was the revival of royalist feeling. As chaos threatened, politicians turned to Napoleon Bonaparte.
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From 1799 to 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte dominated France and Europe. A hero to some, an evil force to others, he gave his name to the final phase of the French Revolution—the Age of Napoleon. His coming to power marked the end of the French Revolution, but at the same time, it spelled the end of the old regime and guaranteed that the ideals of the French Revolution would be spread to every corner of the continent and through much of the world.
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Once in control of Spain, Napoleon bullied both King Charles IV and his son Ferdinand into giving up their throne. The French invasion and the monarchy’s time in exile led to Spain’s loss of its colonies. The term “guerrilla warfare” came into the English language due to the French invasion of Spain.
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Known in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812, and France knew it as the Russian Campaign. Russians did not truly make a stand until the September 7 Battle of Borodino. Emboldened by the defeat, Austria, Prussia and Sweden re-joined Russia and Great Britain in the fight against Napoleon. Although the French emperor was able to raise another massive army, this time it was short on both cavalry and experience.
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