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It wasa period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumours of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate.
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It witnessed the collapse of the monarchy, the establishment of the First French Republic and culminated in the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and the beginning of the Napoleonic era.
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On July 14, 1789, fears that King Louis XVI was about to arrest France's newly constituted National Assembly led a crowd of Parisians to successfully besiege the Bastille, an old fortress that had been used since 1659 as a state prison.
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The storming of the Bastille set a precedent: For the first time in modern history, ordinary men and women, through their collective action in the streets, ensured the creation of a constitutional system of democratic government.
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French constitution created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting.
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The Constitutional Monarchy was a period during the French Revolution from 1791 to 1792 during which Louis XVI enjoyed only a fraction of the power he had as an absolute monarch; developments of this change began in 1789.
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In the history of France, the First Republic, officially the French Republic, was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times.
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It was a defining moment of the French Revolution (1789-99) in which armed revolutionaries from Paris invaded the residence of King Louis XVI of France (who reigned from 1774 to 1792) and massacred his Swiss guards.
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After an attempted escape from the city of Paris, he was arrested in Varennes, taken back to the French capital and suspended from his duties. After the assault on the Tuileries palace where he lived at the time, he was arrested, prosecuted and finally guillotined.
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The Jacobin government ends with the arrest of Saint-Just and Robespierre, on 9 Thermidor, July 27, 1794. The next day, they are guillotined along with 20 followers. It is estimated that in the following days, some 80 Jacobin deputies are executed.
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On November 9, 1799, Bonaparte took control of the government in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and put an end to the unpopular Directory. His rise marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of the Napoleonic era.
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The first unification of Germany occurred in 1871 after Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War. In this unification, most of the German-speaking states of Europe united under the crown of Prussia to form the German Empire. -
It was the first confrontation between the British Empire and the Dutch or Boer settlers of Transvaal. -
Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 Meeting at which the major European powers negotiated and formalized claims to territory in Africa. (also called the Berlin West Africa Conference) -
is the 1888 crown made for Wilhelm II, German Emperor, in his role as King of Prussia. It was only used for heraldic purposes. A Crown of the German Empire was never made. -
The Fashoda Incident, was the climax of imperialist territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa. -
The Boer War lay in Britain's desire to unite the British South African territories of Cape Colony and Natal with the Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic ( -
The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government. A Chinese secret society known as the Boxers embarked on a violent campaign to drive all foreigners from China. Several countries sent troops to halt the attacks. -
Belgian Congo, former colony in Africa, ruled by Belgium from 1908 until 1960. It was established by the Belgian parliament to replace the previous, privately owned Congo Free State, after international outrage over abuses there brought pressure for supervision and accountability. -
The people of the Congo were forced to labor for valued resources, including rubber and ivory, to personally enrich Leopold. -
The Agadir crisis (also called second Moroccan crisis) was an international crisis caused by the deployment of French troops in Morocco against German expectations. -
In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defeated it, in the process stripping the Ottomans of their European provinces, leaving only Eastern Thrace under Ottoman control. -
The Balkan Wars were a series of two conflicts fought in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 and 1913. -
World War I began after the assassination of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand by South Slav nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914