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Initially struggle between Federalists led by Hamilton and Jefferson leading the Democratic Republican party. Federalists sided with Britain whilst the Dem-republicans sided with France over the French Revolution, after the War of 1812 federalist essentially disappear, as Britain becomes enemy nº1 leads to Era of good feelings (1916-1924)
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invented by eli whitney makes producing gin much more profitable and increases the need of slaves for the south.
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Her Family is very rich. Jackson comes from a pourer background, he becomes a wealthy slave-owning planter thanks to his marriage and consequently buying The Hermitage. They are accused of adultery since she was still legally married to her previous husband when they get engaged -
He resigns a year later disappointed with the corruption of congress
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Wins Battle of Horseshoe Bend and as a consequence in the treaty of Fort Jackson required Upper Creeks (Red sticks) to surrender of more than 21 million acres in Alabama and Georgia. Upper creeks were financed and militarily supplied by Spain and Britain as they wanted to prevent American expansion, in response the Americans allied with the Lower Creeks, Cherokees, and Choctaw Nations -
Cements him as a national hero. Battle is the climax of the Gulf campaign by Britain. Although Americans were less and lacked experience they were able to defeat the British who lost their commanding general and 2nd in command with casualties amounting to 2,000 in just over 30 min vs 71 American casualties. -
The financial panic of 1819 hurt many farmers, artisans, and other small businesses, which fueled resentment against the bank and its paper currency when a Congressional inquiry revealed that the institution, in fact, had acted irresponsibly during the crisis. The Panic provided a critical turning point for Andrew Jackson and other “hard money” advocates, who insisted that paper currency could never replace money backed by gold and silver
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National bank set branches in states that competed with state banks, states responded by imposing taxes on the federal bank’s operations. In 1819, the Supreme Court struck down a tax in Maryland as unconstitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland. The case ensured states could not tax federal institutions. But also the court’s ruling established the doctrine of implied powers by declaring the national bank to be constitutional. The National Bank was free of taxing-creates a monopoly, dislike by bankers -
In the ensuing Adams-Onís Florida ceded to America and new borders between Mexico (New Spain) and US settled -
Second Bank of the United States had been chartered under President James Madison (1808-1816) to restore economy after 1812 War
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Jackson wins a majority of the popular and electorate vote however doesn't have enough for majority.
Majority: 131
Jackson: 99
Quincy: 84
In these cases it is Congress that decides who to appoint as President. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House of Representatives and granted his support to J.Quincy Adams. Adams becomes president and names Henry Clay his Secretary of State (the 'corrupt bargain'). Essentially the HoR was a club of aristocrats and since Adams was one of 'em he got elected. -
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Protectionist
The Tariff of 1828 was desired by manufacturers in Middle and Northeastern states, as well as by farmers in Western states. However, cotton plantation owners in Southern states, who were heavily dependent upon trade with Great Britain, would be gravely affected Duty on hemp $35 per ton before the Tariff of 1828, after $45 per ton and was scheduled to continue to rise incrementally to $60 per ton by 1831
Wool faced a similarly scheduled increase, from 30 to 50 percent by 1830 -
Marked by large amounts of mudslinging. Jackson's marriage came under vicious attack as he had married his wife before her divorce papers were finalised. Jackson alos came under attack for being a slave trader who bough and sold slaves (not for using slaves in plantation work). Coffin Handbills attacked Jackson for his courts-martial, execution of deserters massacres of Indian villages, and his habit of dueling. Modern Campaigning introduced. -
Key Ideas:
-Voting right to be extended to all white men
-Manifest Destiny- Americans had a destiny to settle the West by Yeoman farmers
-Spoils system- placing political supporters in gov offices
-Strict constructionism- constitution fanboys
-Laissez-faire- no intervention specially in the economy-William Leggett of the Locofocos, contrary to whig policy of sponsoring modernization, railroads, banking and economic growth
- Opposition to banking- opposed gov-granted monopolies to national banks -
Adams represents the 'old elite' (National republicans later Whigs (1933)), Jackson is a 'man of the people' (Democratic Party) he represented Tennessee (16th state to join the Union 1796)
Reasons for win:
- Corrupt Bargain enraged people
- Increase in Franchise from 43,000 votes in 1788 election to 1.15 million votes, as property qualifications to vote are abandoned
Wins 55% of vote compared to 44% of Adams -
Southern states issue this legislature declaring Tariff of abominations unconstitutional secretly drafted by John C. Calhoun
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Approximately $35 million in capital. Jackson despised it as the more than 20% of the bank's stock was owned by foreigners and it was 80% privately owned- too much control over political system and an aristocratic and elitist institution Senator Daniel Webster led a motion in 1930 that narrowly defeated the resolution to not recharter the bank. Biddle appointed democrats to the boards of national bank branches and worked to speed up the retirement of national debt
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The wives of the Cabinet members didn't socialise with the Eatons as a result, 'Petticoat politics'. This continued on to 1830,31 and Jackson believed it was Calhoun who was behind it all. Van Buren proposed the entire cabinet resigned over it and they did with the exception of the postmaster General Barry. Van Buren was rewarded with a nomination to the position of ambassador to Great Britain, but the Senate rejected him (Calhoun casting the deciding vote). Van Buren emerged as Jackson's heir.
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The wives of the Cabinet members didn't socialise with the Eatons as a result, 'Petticoat politics'. This continued on to 1830,31 and Jackson believed it was Calhoun who was behind it all. Van Buren proposed the entire cabinet resign over it and they did with the exception of the postmaster General Barry. Van Buren was rewarded with a nomination to the position of ambassador to Great Britain, but the Senate rejected him (Calhoun casting the deciding vote). Van Buren emerged as Jackson's heir. -
Came with a mourning band. Tired from the long trip from Nashville to Washington and still grieving, his voice was so low that his inaugural adress could barely be heard. Old Hickory was a man of the people- 21,000 attended the inauguration, John Quincy Adams (outgoing president) wasn't to be found amongst those present. -
Punch was spilled all over, cake was ground into carpets, souvenir swatches were cut from draperies and several thousand dollars worth of China was broken. Joseph story justice of the supreme court said "I never saw such a mixture the reign of King Mob seemed triumphant" Jackson, however, tired, in poor health, and grieving climbed out a second-story window to escape the hordes and went back to the boarding hotel where he spent the previous night and checked in again -
Most member of Southeast tribes removed to Indian territory leads to Trail of Tears, widespread death and disease. This is later ruled unenforceable by states in 1832 by the Supreme Court 5-1 in the case Worcester v. Georgia. -
Essentially a debate on Federalism or anti-federalism. Union or sovereignty of individual states. -
McLane (Treasury Secretary), who had secretly worked with Biddle, drew up a plan to reform the national bank in a way that would free up funds by selling government stock in the national bank. Jackson allowed McLane to publish a Treasury report recommending the National Bank's rechartering
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Most influential abolitionist newspaper. He also established the Anti-Slavery Society which grew to about 250,000 members by 1938 -
A rebellion of some 70 Virginians killed between 55-65 people 51 of whom were white. The rebellion was squashed by the 23rd of August in Belmont Plantation but Turner survived in hiding for 2 more months 120 enslaved people were killed in the retaliation alongside 56 executed by the State. States introduced laws prohibiting eduction of Black People, restricting rights of assembly and requiring White ministers to be present at all worship services as Turner was educated and a popular preacher -
He was urged by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster (the opposition who wanted to make it a key issue in the 1932 election) to bring it up even though the bank charter's wouldn't expire until 1936.
In May Biddle assents to a revised bill that would recharter the bank but give Congress and the president new powers in controlling institution, while also limiting the national bank's ability to hold real estate and establish branches The Bill passed on June 11 in Senate and on July 3 in the House -
"The Bank, Mr.Van Buren, is trying to kill me. But I will kill it" July 4th
Safeguarding the future of the bank was a high priority for merchants and bankers who relied on the country’s financial markets. But farmers worried that the bank worked in opposition to the nation’s democratic principles. Its opponents described it as a “many headed monster” and argued that the bank was actively creating an aristocracy that undermined the interests of ordinary people -
Tariff down to 35% for manufactured goods. For instance, the tariffs on hemp, which had been raised to $60 a ton in 1828, was reduced to a $40 a ton in 1832.
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The ordinance declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 “null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State, its officers or citizens.” This theory of nullification by states has been repeatedly rejected by federal courts and the US Supreme Court, and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect tariff duties by force- Governor Robert Young Hayne started military preparations to resist federal enforcement. -
Important issues:
1. Bank War
2. Tariff and Indian Removal Biddle poured thousands of dollars into the campaign to defeat Andrew Jackson - interfering with the political process"The Campaign is over, and I think we have won the victory" Clay in July
Jackson won by landslide, his veto of the national bank was played as a defence of the common man against the tyranny of the elites. Jackson won 54% of votes, receiving 88% of vote sin Kentucky and Maryland. But Jackson lost the Senate -
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They do this by depositing all future revenue in state banks whilst paying expenses from the National Bank's reserves in order to drain these funds
Jackson places this revenue in states banks which supported him and were labelled as 'Pet banks'
Biddle stockpiled the National Bank's reserves and contracted credit which caused interest rates to rise, he did this believing it would show everyone the importance of the National bank but it backfired, it contributed to a financial paanic late 1833 -
Authorised the President to use military force against South Carolina
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Drafted by Henry Clay and approved by John C.Calhoun and Daniel Webster it set out to reduce tariffs gradually down to a level of 20%. And was accepted by the President and passed alongside the Force Bill
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3 days later they nullified the Force Act as a symbolic gesture of principle.
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Senator Henry Clay introduces a measure to censor Jackson for unconstitutionally removing funds from the national bank in the Senate where anti-Jacksonians have more power
In March 1834 Senate votes 26-20 to censure Jackson and rejects Taney as Treasury Secretary.
By mid 1934 the panic had ended and Jackson's opponent had failed to recharter the Bank and undo Jackson's fund removal -
As national economy boomed after 1934 due to banks extending credit
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Tens of thousands of pamphlets and tracts were sent to Southern destinations through the U.S. mail. Southerners were extremely angry in some cases attacking post mail offices and burning thousands of letters (29th of July in Charleston). Southerners demanded the prevention for the delivery of tracts, and Jackson, after the nullification crisis wanted to please southerners. Postmaster General Amos Kendall decided to give Southern postmasters discretionary powers to discard the tracts. -
Denounces petitions of ending slavery as "sick sentimentality", declared that Congress had no right to interfere with slavery, and tabled all further anti-slavery petitions. One of the main opposers to this rule was JQA- abolitionist -
Bill is passed that not only doubles pet banks but also distributed surplus federal revenue to states and instituted Jackson's proposed bank regulations of restricting the issuance of paper banknotes under 5$ and to require banks to hold in specie (gold or silver coins) equal to 1/4 of the value of banknotes they issued
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As number of pet banks increases, regulation becomes more difficult to enforce and lending increases. As a result there is a boom in land acquisition: General Land Office sold 2 million acres in 1928 ---> 12.5 million in 1935 Jackson wants to curb land speculation so he issues an executive order that requires buyers of government lands to pay in specie. This undermines people trust in paper money. Congress passed a bill to revoke Jackson's policy but he vetoed it in his last day in office -
Specie Circular, although designed to reduce speculation, leaves many investors unable to afford to pay loans in gold and silver. This same year there is a downturn in the British economy and so foreign investment takes a hit. USA goes into a depression:
Bank insolvent
National debt increases
Business failures rose
Cotton prices dropped
Unemployment dramatically increases Lasts until 1841