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Exact time period: 1392-1897
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Father Gregorio de Cespedes was the first westerner that Stepped into Korea. He was a Spanish Jesuit priest
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More than 23000 converts by 1865
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Upon Russia acquiring Maritime Province from China, Russia's geographic territory became even closer to Korea. This increase the threat of Russia occupying Korea
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Taewǒn'gun relinquished control of the country to his son
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From 1866 to 1867, Under the xenophobic regent, the king, Taewǒn'gun ("Prince of the Great Court”), persecuted catholics convert and missionaries
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Under the threat of Japanese gunboat diplomacy, Kojong's government reluctantly signed the Treaty of Kanghwa with Japan. In 1871, Taewǒn'gun repulsed an American naval expedition to Kanghwa Island. Moreover, before 1876 Land and seacoast boarders were sealed with an isolationalist policy. This was a huge move to open up their boarders.
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- The schools were the mentoring grounds for a large number of leaders who would later distinguish themselves in the national independence movement
- As a result of these actions by the protestants, South Korea is the leading protestant nation in East Asia
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King Kojong tried to implement reforms for the "self-strengthening" and "enlightenment" of the country. He also keep a keen interest in establishing diplomatic ties with the United States in hope to fend off the growing Russian threat
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- a violent military uprising of conservative soldiers who felt threatened by foreign practices and political norms
- Qing China used this incident as an excuse to intervene in Korean affairs militantly for the first time since 1636
- dispatched a large-scale expedition to restore order to seoul
- unilaterally forced an unequal trade agreement on Korea, taking upon itself to appoint foreign affairs advisers to the Korean King *sent 3000 strong chinese garrison force to Seoul
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Korea signed their first treaty with the Western power with America, followed by subsequent treaties with Great Britain and Germany in 1883, Italy and Russia in 1884, France in 1886, Austria-Hungary in 1892 and Denmark in 1902.
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- Due to the Chinese intervention, members of the Enlightenment party staged a coup d’état against the Chinese dominated regime
- Aborted after 3 days due to the mobilisation of the chinese garrison forces and reneging of the aid promised byJapanese Minister’s officer
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- In this agreement, both china and Japan consented to withdraw their troops and military advisors from korea
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Appointment of Yaun Shi Kai as Chinese “resident” in Seoul to oversee Korea’s internal and external affairs
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Between 1885 to 1888 Korea established diplomatic legations in Tokyo and Washington, DC, respectively.
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- Japan used this opportunity to involve themselves again in the affairs of korea
- sent military expedition to Korea
- Prompted China to defend their interests in Korea
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- initiated during the war by Korean officials receptive to modern ideas
- attempted to make major institutional changes that were regarded as crucial for Korea’s survival
- discarded traditional Chinese style bureaucratic system
- govt. structure reorganised according to Western and Japanese models
- Discarded delineation between the Yangban and commoners together with slavery
- discarded traditional Chinese style bureaucratic system
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- Modern military and police systems instituted
* bolster the authority of the newly organised central govt.
- Monetary and taxation systems were modelled after western counterparts
- introduced modern judicial system
- Introduced modern educational institutions
- discarded traditional Confucian academies
- Modern military and police systems instituted
* bolster the authority of the newly organised central govt.
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- Major turning point in Modern Korean and East Asian history
- Chinese lost this war
- Balance of power in Korea tilted decisively in favour of Japan
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- the assassination was an effort to maintain Japan’s power in Korea
- Queen Min was pro-Russian and Pro-American
- the assassination was an effort to maintain Japan’s power in Korea
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- King Kojong fled from Japan controlled palace to the Russian legation
- Korea temporarily run from the Russian legation and under Russian supervision
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- founded by So Chae-Oil
- main reason for founding was frustration with the Emperor
- Became the voice of reform inKorean society
- demanded changes in government similar to those outlined in the Kabo reforms
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- King Kojong declared himself an emperor and Korea as an Empire
- was a desperate effort by a ruler with no direction nor competent advisors
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- mobilised soldiers and mobsters and strong-armed the demonstrators
- This decision proved to be self defeating as the emperor quenched the only political body capable of reviving the Choson Dynasty
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- Japan Provoked the war because it wanted to be the only world power tohave a boise in Korean politics
- After defeating the Russians, Japan imposed a protectorate treaty on the helpless Korean government
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- GB’s way of upholding Japan’s expansionist policy toward Korea
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- USA way of upholding Japan’s expansionist policy towards Korea
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- Patriotic Koreans demonstrated against the protectorate treaties
- formed a volunteer force of guerrilla fighters who harassed the Japanese aggressors
- 20,000 volunteers died in fighting the Japanese military from
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- This resistance did little to stymie Choson dynasty’s recline
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Significance: First time in Korea's history that entire country and Koreans were subjugated under alien rule Bitter pill for the Koreans to swallow as they had considered Japanese as culturally inferior
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A period where military had jurisdiction to carry out civil laws
What it meant for the people: Deprivation of basic civil freedom -
March 1st 1919, people retaliated against Japanese rule
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Korean government allowed people a degree of freedom of expression and assembly
New Korea society: comprised of both rightists and leftists nationalists -
Seoul Imperial university six private colleges built with public and private funding
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Compromised of Korean Expatriates in China Yenan Faction fought alongside Mao's Red Army in Northwestern China Partisan Faction: conducted guerrilla attacks against Japanese Kwantung Army in Southwestern Manchuria after 1932, where one of its leaders included Kim Il-Sung, future leader of North Korea The Partisan Faction sought refuge from Kwantung Army in Russian Maritime Province and received special training
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Korean manpower heavily exploited to support war efforts Implications for the people:
Forced to adopt Japanese names and Japanese language, illegal to use their own language Forced to worship at Shinto shrines Outcome:
Fueled national sentiments among Koreans -
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Korea divided at the 38th Parallel into two military zones Disagreement between the Soviets and Americans on which Korean political group should be consulted to create the new Korean government
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September 1947 Disagreement presented before United Nations. The Soviet union refused to cooperate with the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea (UNTCOK) on the Korean Peninsula, leading to the elections being held only in South Korea, with Syngman Rhee declared as First President of Republic of Korea on 15 August 1948. The United States recognized the ROK on 1 January 1949 and withdrew its troops from the peninsula by late June of that year.
