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Second Great Awakening
Protestant revival movement during the early nineteenth century. It appealed to people's motives and morals and was a period of antebellum social reform. Reformers were advocated for emancipation, and other reform movements (temperance and women's rights) on religious grounds. And there was increased interest and motivation to help minorities and improve quality of life. -
Cotton Gin Invented
It make cotton production faster and created a bigger demand for slaves in the South and improve textile productions in the North. There was also a big demand for cotton in Britain -
Election of 1800
It was the first peaceful transition in power from one political party to another. The election of 1800 was the first truly partisan contest in American political history and the country split along party lines. There were tensions between the two parties on the matter of Britain and France. Federalist (Britain) and Democratic-Republican (France). Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party defeated incumbent President John Adams of the Federalist Party. -
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Period 4
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President: Thomas Jefferson
Democratic-Republican: First Republican president, Executed Louisiana Purchase, Embargo Act of 1807. Believed in minimal government involvement -
Louisiana Purchase
Purchased from France it doubled the size of the United States.
Jefferson confronted questions of presidential authority in deciding whether or not to acquire the territory. He believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution but it does not explicitly give the president the power to purchase territory. -
Marbury v. Madison
Supreme Court decision that affirmed the Court’s power of judicial review, The Supreme Court’s ability to review acts of the other branches of government to determine if they are consistent with the Constitution, by ruling part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 as unconstitutional. -
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Lewis and Clark Expedition
Explored the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon lands extending to the West Coast. -
Embargo Act
Prohibited American ships from leaving any foreign port. It was intended to punish Britain and France for interfering with American trade while the two major European powers were at war with each other. -
Non-Intercourse Act
Designed to modify the Embargo Act by lifting all embargoes on American shipping except for those bound for British or French ports. It was designed to extend U.S. commerce in the rest of the world and boost the economy. -
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President: James Madison
Democratic-Republican: War of 1812 -
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War of 1812
Conflict fought between the United States and Great Britain over British violations of U.S. maritime rights. Britain allied with local Indian tribes to put pressure on the U.S. by raiding Indiana and Illinois. -
Hartford Convention
A series of meetings of Federalist delegates from the New England states to protest the continuation of the War of 1812. -
Treaty of Ghent
Ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom. COncluded that territorial lines would revert to what they were before the war (no land gained). Indians got no protection. Brought in an Era of Good Feeling and the Industrial Revolution. -
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Era of Good Feelings
During Jefferson's Presidency, the sense of victory and unity was enhanced by the dissolution of the Federalist Party and the end of the War of 1812. Reflected a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans. -
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Second Bank of the United States
Was created to bring order and stability to a chaotic financial situation in the U.S. Instead, the bank's loose credit and paper money helped create the conditions for the Panic of 1819. President Andrew Jackson vetoed of the reauthorization and re-distributed the money in "pet banks". Andrew Jackson opposed the Bank b/c he felt the bank was unconstitutional, harmful to the states' rights, and dangerous to the liberties of people. -
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President: James Monroe
Democratic-Republican: Flordia purchase, Era of Good Feeling, Executed the Missouri Compromise and the Monroe Doctrine -
Adams-Onís Treaty
Between the U.S. and Spain that led to American acquisition of Flordia and American rights in the Oregon Territory in return for a 5 million payment to Spain. In addition, it defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. -
Panic of 1819
The economic expansion after the War of 1812 ended. Banks throughout the country failed; mortgages were foreclosed, forcing people out of their homes and off their farms. Falling prices impaired agriculture and manufacturing, triggering widespread unemployment. -
Missouri Compromise
In attempts to relieve tensions between the North and the South, Congress admitted Maine to the United States as a free state, simultaneously with Missouri as a slave state. It maintained the balance of power between North and South in the United States Senate and banned slavery above the 36*30' line in the Louisiana Purchase. -
Mexico Gains Independence from Spain
The revolutionary war that called for the end of Spanish rule in Mexico, redistribution of land, and racial equality. Mexican War of Independence was an armed conflict, lasting over a decade, which had several distinct phases and took place in different regions of the Spanish colony of New Spain. -
Monroe Doctrine
A declaration by Monroe that declared the Western Hemisphere was closed off to further European colonization. it stated that the U.S. would not allow European interference in international affairs. -
Election of 1824
John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson by getting more electoral votes (in the House of Reps.), even though Jackson originally received more popular and electoral votes. Clay made a deal with Jackson for the presidency in exchange for the Secretary of State position. Andrew Jackson was furious at this and made it his mission to discredit and defeat Adams. -
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President: John Quincy Adams/ Adams-Clay Administration
Republic: Corrupt Bargain, American system (focused on internal improvements and healing boost the U.S. economy) -
Tariff of Abominations/ Tariff of 1828
A protective tariff passed by Congress designed to protect industry in the North. It raised taxes on imported manufactured goods from Europe to promote local business and sectional tensions. It benefited the domestic manufacturing industry in the North but was bad for Southern slaveholders who had to pay higher prices for goods. Residents of the South believed the tax on imports was excessive and unfairly targeted their region of the country. -
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Jacksonian Era
Jackson Elected As President and Mexican American War Ends/Polk Leave Office. Was characterized by a democratic spirit. It built upon Jackson's equal political policy and tried to bring the government back into the hands of the people. -
Indian Removal Act
Indian land in Georgia had good soil for growing cotton. Congress provided funds for removing and resettling eastern Indians in the West. It authorized the voluntary relocation of Native American tribes to the lands west of the Mississippi River but was frequently abused by government officials and resulted in some forced removals. -
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Age of Reform
During this period there was a predominant desire to purify individuals and society at large. This especially involved Women gaining more freedoms and rights and improvements to the education system. -
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Nullification Crisis
A conflict between South Carolina and the federal government. John C. Calhoun argued that the Constitution gave states the right declare federal laws "null in void" and adopted the Ordinance of Nullification. Jackson responded by issuing a proclamation that asserted the supremacy of the federal government ( the Force Bill) authorizing the federal use of force to enforce the collection of tariffs. In addition, the Compromise tariff of 1833 was passed in an attempt to relieve tensions. -
Compromise Tariff
Proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis. It brought the import taxes back down to 35%, but this was not enough for South Carolina. -
Ordinance of Nullification
The South Carolina legislature passed the Ordinance of Nullification. It which declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional, and thereby null and void. This began the Nullification Crisis. -
Congress passes Gag Rule
An act of Congress that was passed in response to the overwhelming amount of petitions and letters that demanded the abolishment of slavery. The rule prohibited discussions and debates of the anti-slavery for 8 years. -
Battle of the Alamo
A battle between Mexico and Texas revolutionaries. The commander William Travis died and said, "Remember the Alamo”. It became the war cry that the Americans used when fighting the Mexicans. -
Texas Declares independence from Mexico
After Mexico gained independence from Spain, many Americans started moving to Texas settlements. Eventually, there were more Americans than Mexicans in Texas, and Texas wanted independence. -
Treaty of Velasco
After General Santa Anna was defeated by the Texans at San Jacinto he signed the treaty and ended the war. The treaty provided that hostilities would cease and that Santa Anna would withdraw his forces below the Rio Grande and not take up arms again against Texas. In addition, it officially gave Texas its independence. -
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Transcendentalism
A philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States. A core belief is in the inherent goodness of people and nature. -
Financial Panic of 1837
A major economic downturn caused by temporary excess in international trade and the economic policies of President Jackson, who created the Specie Circular (only gold and silver could be used to buy land) and refused to renew the charter of Second Bank of the United States. This made controlling currency and make credit available hard. -
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Trail of Tears
The forced march of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory in the West. Thousands died along the way. -
Webster- Ashburton Treaty
Helped to settle disputes over the northern boundary between the United States and Canada, which was controlled by Great Britain. The treaty signaled a strong partnership and diplomatic success for the two nations. Both the United States and Canada further agreed that the international slave trade on the high seas should be banned -
Treaty of Wang-hsia
This treaty gave the U.S. the right to trade in Chinese ports, as well as gaining additional legal rights inside China. It was the first formal treaty signed between the United States and China in 1844. -
U.S. Annexation of Texas
Mexico wanted to keep Texas and Van Buren feared it would cause war. He also didn't want to add a new state to the Union that allowed slavery. Americans used Manifest Destiny to justify them taking Texas and Congress voted to annex it. -
Bear Flag Revolt
A temporary revolt led by American immigrants who temporarily declared California to be an independent Republic until U.S. forces took control of the territory. -
Seneca Falls Convention
A convention of women that came together demanding equal rights. They used their specialty in all things involving the private sphere—the home—to organize and empower white women. They rejected the cult of domesticity ( the belief that a woman's place was in the home) -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
A treaty that ended the U.S. war with Mexico and granted the U.S. control of all of Texas, New Mexico, and California. Mexico ceded half its territory to the United States, effectively concluding the U.S. program of westward expansion. -
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
The resolution passed at the Convention calling for full equality, including the right to vote, for women.
