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Hitler envisioned enlarging Germany beyond its 1914 borders. Wanted to Bring the entire German people (Volk) into one nation.
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The Moscow Trials were a series of three show trials held in the Soviet Union at the instigation of Joseph Stalin between 1936 and 1938
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Mussolini was facing stressful affairs at home and felt that a war would divert attention.
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1936 Germany allied with Italy in the Rome-Berlin Axis (origins of the Axis powers)
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Japan joined the Axis powers
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Germany’s attack on Poland was swift—a Blitzkrieg—or lighting war
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Neville Chamberlain was committed to the policy of appeasement and did not want Britain in another war
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Russia and Germany signed a 'Non-aggression Pact'.
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In 1935, Mussolini attacked Ethiopia and Britain and France did not want to alienate Mussolini and in the end turned to Germany
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This pact divided Poland between the two nations and allowed Russia to occupy the Baltic States. This pact effectively led to the French and English going to war
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In 1939 Hitler Invaded Prague putting an end to the Czech state
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British and French armies in Belgium fled to the English Channel and escaped from the beaches of Dunkirk, saving thousands of lives
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The Maginot Line, an imaginary line that ran from Switzerland to the Belgian frontier, was exposed on its left flank after Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland
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Britain was isolated after the Fall of France, but the rise of power of Prime Minister Winston Churchill ended the government’s days of appeasement
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Hitler invaded Britain in 1940, bombing London and destroying much of the city
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War was thrust on the Americans in 1941 when Japan launched an attack on the U.S naval base at Pearl Harbor
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Declaration release by the president at this time.
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On June 6th, 1944 D-Day American, British, and Canadian troops landed on the coast of Normandy, France and got through the German defense
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The Battle of Bulge in December 1944 resulted in heavy Allied losses, but the Allies pushed on and crushed German resistance
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Americans warplanes dropped Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Yalta Conference- divide Germany into four occupation zones
Potsdam Conference- divide Berlin into occupation zones (Berlin would be located in the Middle of Russia Zone) -
In France, the Vichy government that followed Germany’s aggression was a source of national controversy
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The vichy government encouraged intense nationalism that fostered anti-Semitism
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General Charles de Gaulle, who had fled to Britain, urged the French people to resist their conquerors and support the French National Committee of Liberation
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General Charles de Gaulle, who had fled to Britain, urged the French people to resist their conquerors and support the French National Committee of Liberation
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France voted to end the Third Republic and the Fourth Republic was started with a new constitution
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Yalta Conference- divide Germany into four occupation zones
Potsdam Conference- divide Berlin into occupation zones (Berlin would be located in the Middle of Russia Zone) -
WWII created a terrible refugee problem
Millions of people were displaced from their homes -
The concept of social insurance against risks should be available to all citizens came into being
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The U.S pursued a policy of containment to prevent Soviet Union into eastern Europe
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Truman set forth the Truman Doctrine which would evolve to the Marshall Plan which was Designed to Restore prosperity
Provide broad Economic aid to European states working together for their mutual benefit. -
The early form of the Marshall plan.
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the system created by the Soviet Union in 1947 in order to provide aid to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were politically and economically aligned to the Soviet Union.
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was a collective defense treaty among eight communist states of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War.
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The Arab-Israel conflict over disputed territory involved Europe and the United States. The Soviet Union became an ally to Arab states and the U.S Supports Israel
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Was a commitment to mutual assistance in the event of an attack
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Brought the Soviet Union and the United States on the opposite of yet another international dilemma
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Which involved French and British intervention in the war between Egypt and Israel. Proved that without U.S support, nations of Western Europe could not use military force to impose their will on the rest of the world
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Poland efforts towards independence temporarily caused crisis of Soviet troop movements in the region
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After the rise of power of Imre Nagy in Hungary Soviet troops invaded the country and deposed Nagy. The United States did not liberate Hungary as they promised in the Truman Doctrine
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This group hoped to achieve the elimination of tariffs, a free flow of capital and labor, and similar benefits in their countries
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Paris Summit Talks collapsed and then Intended to promote the peaceful coexistence of the Soviet Union and the United States
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Britain created the first welfare state, with universal health coverage for all citizens
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Western European attitudes toward providing social security and coverage to all of their citizens grew in response to Communist promises (largely unfounded) of the same
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Women in the years since WWII have made important gains in the workplace. More women are in managerial positions and have better opportunities. Gender inequality remains a problem
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Many intellectuals remained fans of Marxism. They distinguished from the agenda of the Communist Party
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The Soviet Union built nuclear launch pads in Cuba and were shipping nuclear weapons to Cuba. The U.S impose blockade of these weapons
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The Soviet Union and U.S concluded a nuclear ban treaty that marked the beginning of reduced tensions
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Sought to sustain the Communist governments of Eastern Europe and to prevent liberalization
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Undoing of colonialism, where a nation establishes and maintains its domination over dependent territories.
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Many of the states that became newly independent were called the third world because they were aligned neither with the United States nor the Soviet Union
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France decolonization became an important part of the Cold War as the United States became involved in the war in Vietnam
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Crucial to the transformation of intellectual thought with regard to communism
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Green politics is a political ideology that aims to create an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, non-violence, social justice, and grassroots democracy
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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and the Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990
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Lasted over nine years from December 1979 to February 1989. Part of the Cold War.
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Communism collapsed in Europe in part because of the changing Soviet Union policy advanced by Mikhail Gorbachev
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General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982.
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They underwent rapid changes during these decades.
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Another powerful Intellectual trend during this time was existentialism which inspired philosphies.
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Under the policy of perestroika he proposed major reforms to the centralized economic ministries
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When these policies did not achieve the economic gains he desired he pursued bold political reform such as his policy glasnost, or “openness”
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The University populations in Europe expanded in the post-war years with higher education available to women throughout Europe
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The Treaty of Maastricht proposed a series of steps leading to a unified European currency (the Euro) and a strong central bank
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The Soviet occupation of Hungary following the defeat of Hungary in World War II, lasted for 45 years. The occupation ended in 1991.
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Christianity continues to struggle against the forces of secularization in contemporary society
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Strands of neo-orthodoxy and liberalism are evident in contemporary Christianity.
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The EEC was renamed the European Union. The Euro was launched in 1999