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Changes in Demand - Increase of Car Ownership
There are currently 2.6m cars registered in London. Personal car ownership increases with age to a peak of 58 per cent amongst 55-59 year olds, after which it declines again. It is said that car ownership is higher amongst men than women. Cars were still generally used for pleasure, rather than business, although they were becoming increasingly popular with regular daily travellers such as doctors. There were 23,000 cars on Britain's roads by the end of 1904, and over 100,000 by 1910. -
Environmental Versions - Airport Expansion
Primary environmental issues associated with the operation of airports are GHG emissions, noise pollution, land utilization, waste, and congestion. Several solutions are available in addressing the environmental impact caused by airports. -
Changes in Demand - Increase of Car Ownership
In 1960 there were just under five million private cars registered. By the end of the decade there were just under ten million. The record year for new car production in the UK in the 1960s was 1963 when 1,867,640 new cars were delivered. -
Environmental Versions - Emissions
Air pollutants are responsible for a number of environmental effects, such as photochemical smog, acid rain, death of forests, or reduced atmospheric visibility. Emissions of greenhouse gases from combustion of fossil fuels are associated with the global warming of Earth's climate. Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's climate system observed since the pre-industrial period due to human activities. -
Environmental Versions - Emissions
The amount of carbon emissions trapped in our atmosphere causes global warming, which causes climate change, symptoms of which include melting of the polar ice caps, the rising of sea levels, the disturbance of animals' natural habitats, extreme weather events, and so many more negative side effects that are dangerous. -
Changes in Demand - Commuting
Since the late 1980s there has been a downward trend in the number of commuting
trips from 7.1 journeys per worker per week in 1988/92 to 5.7 in 2013/14 -
Changes in Demand - Commuting
There are many reasons why commuting to and from work is decreasing. A main reason for this is the Covid-19 pandemic. It caused many people to start working from home and it has now become the new norm. The work-from-home transition is well under way. Our current transport networks are operating far below previous levels, even allowing for social distancing. -
Environmental Versions - Airport Expansion
The first airport construction, funded mostly by local governments, began in 1926. Despite the Great Depression, by 1931 the number of airports had doubled to 2,000. In 1984 Stansted Airport gained approval for expansion to accommodate a larger number of passengers, and then in 1986, work began on the main terminal that stands today. -
Product/Service innovation - Introduction of Budget Airlines
First challenged by Freddie Laker in the Seventies with his budget Skytrain flights to the USA, the 1990s saw the rise of UK low budget pioneers Easyjet and Ryanair as they opened up London's previously neglected Stansted airport. -
Product/Service innovation - Introduction of Budget Airlines
The world's first low-cost airline was Pacific Southwest Airlines, which started intrastate flights connecting Southern and Northern California on 6 May 1949. -
Political and Legal Changes - Air Passenger Duty
Air Passenger Duty is a duty which is charged on the carriage of passengers flying from a United Kingdom or Isle of Man airport on an aircraft that has an authorised weight of more than 5.7 tonnes or more than twenty seats for passengers. The current rate of APD for a one-way domestic flight in economy is £13. -
Product/Service innovation – Opening of the Channel Tunnel
Digging began on both sides of the Strait of Dover in 1987–88 and was completed in 1991. The tunnel was officially opened on May 6, 1994. Motorists must drive onto the Eurotunnel Le Shuttle train, which boards at the Channel Tunnel terminals in Folkestone and Calais. You and your pets stay in your vehicle throughout the journey - sit back and relax to get through the Eurotunnel, it only takes 35 minutes to cross. -
Changes in Demand - Commuting
A commute is a journey you take from home to work and back again. If you commute, you travel a long distance every day between your home and your place of work. Between 1995 and 2013, England's population grew 12% while the total number of annual commuting journeys decreased from 8.5 billion to 7.9 billion. There has been a decline in commuting trips per person, which has not been outweighed by the growth in population. -
Changes in Demand - Increase of Car Ownership
Car ownership has changed dramatically since 1953 in which 3 million cars were owned in the UK, meaning 14% of the population owned cars. But by 1997, 22 million cars were owned in the UK; therefore 68% of the population owned cars. -
Changes in Demand - Increase of Car Ownership
I feel car ownership has increased due to how flexible it is, unlike buses and other public transport, you don’t have a timetable and therefore you can go wherever you want, whenever you want. Having a car is also very convenient. Unlike public transport, there is no control of route or pace when owning your own car. This gives people the freedom to plan their own journey and go at any pace they would like to. -
Technology - Online Check-in
Online check-in lets you check in from your home or office and print your own boarding pass. Just display your boarding pass barcode on the screen of your device at the security checkpoint and when boarding your flight, and you're on your way. With the rise in passenger numbers, airports in the UK have had to develop systems to cope with increased demand, as well as meet the ever-changing needs of the passenger. -
Technology - Online Check-in
Alaska Airlines was the first to offer online check-in. The system was first offered on a limited basis starting in the second quarter of 1999, and was available to the general public on selected flights the following quarter. Since then, a growing number of airlines have introduced the system. -
Technology - Online Check-in
Offered by just about every major airline, online check-in allows you to check in for your flight in advance from the comfort of your home, office, or hotel room. You typically need to provide your name and booking confirmation number. Many advantages come with online check in, including saving time on the check-in lines, allowing you the option to choose your seats beforehand and the possibility of paying a lower fee checked baggage than you would if you paid in-person at check-in. -
Technology - Online Check-in
The digital transformation in the aviation industry has boomed in recent years to improve customer experience and reduce these waiting times. Changes have already been implemented in areas such as check in, passport control and baggage management but there is still work to be done. -
Political and Legal Changes - Introduction of Congestion Charges
The Congestion Charge is an £11.50 daily tariff and payment enables motorists to drive around, leave and re-enter the charging zone as many times as required in one day. There are no barriers or tollbooths; instead drivers are paying to register their Vehicle Registration Number on a database. Since the introduction of the congestion charging scheme in central London in 2003, congestion has reduced; London's bus capacity has increased and journey times for all vehicles are faster. -
Political and Legal Changes - Introduction of Congestion Charges
The first Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, introduced the congestion charge at £5 a day in February 2003 with the aim of reducing traffic congestion in and around the charging zone. -
Environmental Versions - Widening of Motorways
Britain's first motorway, the Preston by-pass, opened in 1958.Road widening lengthens commutes, increases household costs, worsens pollution, harms the economy, and, let us not forget, kills and injures millions of people globally every year. Transportation departments and politicians had the evidence decades ago and many continue to ignore it to this day. -
Technology - Smart motorways
Smart motorways, known previously as managed motorways, have existed in the UK since 2006 when the M42 in the West Midlands became a controlled motorway. Smart motorways will always help traffic congestion, however, in future the use of the hard shoulder could prevent emergency vehicles making their way through traffic in urgent cases, therefore traffic could become more erratic. The risk of collision is increased as drivers are driving closer together due to higher volumes of traffic. -
Technology - Self Service Bag Drop
Birmingham Airport has 67 Self service bag drop kiosks available with 53 that allow passengers to print boarding cards and check in. Some of the airlines which currently use this service include TUI, Ryanair, Air France and KLM. In April 2019, they welcomed one million passengers to use the SSBD system, with statistics showing up to 17 per cent of our passengers use the systems. Since introducing the SSBD system in January 2018, passengers are being checked in 12-15 minutes quicker. -
Technology - Self Service Bag Drop
There are many benefits of technology growing for the airport, customers and also the airline. It reduces queues with faster processing, improves space and capacity, provides passengers with more control of their journey and many more. As good as the SSBD is for customers, it could be a downfall for employees, as less employees will be needed as their job is taken over by technology. -
Technology - Self service Bag Drop
As the number of travellers continues to increase every year, moving passengers and their bags through the check-in quickly and efficiently is more crucial than it’s ever been for airport and airline operations. The SSBD service has decreased queue times, increased customer satisfaction and provided an improved customer experience whilst allowing staff to support passengers who might need assistance elsewhere. -
Environmental Versions - Noise Pollution
Looking at the current data, it is estimated that environmental noise contributes to 48,000 new cases of ischaemic heart disease a year as well as 12,000 premature deaths. In addition, we estimate that 22 million people suffer chronic high annoyance and 6.5 million people suffer chronic high sleep disturbance -
Environmental Versions - Airport Expansion
The climate impact of expansion plans at regional airports in England has been dramatically underestimated and would threaten the UK’s legally binding commitments, according to a report published ahead of a key summit later this year. -
Environmental Versions - Widening of Motorways
Road Widening is the act of making the surface or pavement of a road wider. Roads may be widened to make them safer or allow greater traffic volumes. Widening the lanes on a bend can reduce the risk of head-on crashes by giving drivers more room to get around the bend without crossing into the opposing lane. Similarly, widening turn lanes can improve safety, especially for larger vehicles. -
Technology - Smart motorways
A smart motorway is a section of a motorway that uses traffic management methods to increase capacity and reduce congestion in particularly busy areas. These methods include using the hard shoulder as a running lane and using variable speed limits to control the flow of traffic. A smart motorway is a stretch of road where technology is used to regulate traffic flow and ease congestion. The 3 types include controlled, hard shoulder and all lane running. -
Technology - Smart motorways
There are 500 miles of smart motorway in the UK; most of these are in England and are managed by Highways England. They account for around 7% of the Strategic Road Network but carry 16% of its annual traffic. -
Technology - Smart motorways
Highways England developed smart motorways to manage traffic in a way that minimises environmental impact, cost and time to construct by avoiding the need to build additional lanes. Smart Motorways prevent traffic flow breakdowns and increase travel time reliability. By managing the traffic flow speed differentials are reduced which in turn lowers road crashes. -
Changes in Demand - Customer Lifestyles
As part of monitoring and responding to changes in the external environment, businesses need to be aware of changes in consumer lifestyles and buying behaviour. Increasingly, consumers now expect to lead an "on-demand life". Fuelled by technology younger generations of consumers in particular have grown up with media and services that are available at the push of a button, anytime and anyplace. -
Changes in Demand - Customer Lifestyles
Digital technology has made it much easier for consumers to obtain the information they want / need before buying. Price comparison services, customer reviews and search engines have transformed the buying process. This means that, before someone purchases a holiday, they can read reviews online. Trip advisor is the main website for reviews as the good and bad reviews cannot be deleted. This could be a downfall for many business', as anyone can see the review. -
Changes in Demand - Customer Lifestyles
The recent pandemic, self-isolation, and economic uncertainty will change the way consumers behave, in some cases for years to come. Many of the longer-term changes in consumer behaviour are still being formed, giving companies an opportunity to help shape the 'next normal'. It's no secret that the period of lockdown
has had a profound impact on how people live. The shift to online living has been rapidly accelerated by COVID-19 and many new virtual habits have become the new normal. -
Changes in Demand - Income
With an increase in income, consumers will purchase larger quantities at higher rates, pushing demand to the right. You will see that an increase in income causes an upward shift in the demand curve, so that at any price the quantities demanded will be higher. If the economy slows down, many people lose their jobs or work fewer hours, reducing their incomes. This means that the decrease in income would lead to a lower income in the industry demanded at every given price. -
Changes in Demand - Income
The income effect creates changes in demand by giving people more money to spend. In theory, people seek to maximize the utility, or value, that they get from their money. The income of a consumer affects purchasing power, which then influences the demand for a product. For example, if the consumers salary increases, they would then be able to pay for more holidays which then increases the demand. -
Political and Legal Changes - Taxes
Tourism taxes are fees usually levied through accommodation providers and typically aimed at overnight visitors. In recent years there has been a growing backlash against tourism driven by people tired of their homes being swamped. -
Political and Legal Changes - Air Passenger Duty
Changes to APD rates will be introduced from 1 April 2021. The long haul rates of Air Passenger Duty for the tax year 2021 to 2022 will increase in line with the retail price index as forecast at Budget 2020. Short haul rates will not rise. This measure will impact on those who travel more by air. Some people with protected characteristics are likely to be over represented in the class of people who travel by this means. This change is expected to have a impact on 1500 airlines. -
Political and Legal Changes - Planning regulations
Tourism planning refers to the overall process of deploying the development goals and the implementation of a tourism system. The aims of tourism planning include increased visitor satisfaction, increased economic benefits, and the protection of basic cultural and natural resources. -
Political and Legal Changes - Privatisation
Privatisation is the process of transferring an industry from the public sector to the private sector. -
Political and Legal Changes - Introduction of Congestion Charges
Since 25 October 2021, only zero-emission vehicles (such as EVs and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles) have been exempt from the Congestion Charge. From December 2025, however, even drivers of zero-emission cars will be required to pay. London's 'temporary' £15 Congestion Charge is to become permanent, but evening tolls are set to be abolished. The Charge was increased from £11.50 in June 2020 as part of a bailout deal between the government and Transport for London. -
Environmental Versions – Protest Camps
Protest camps are physical camps that are set up by activists, to either provide a base for protest, or to delay, obstruct or prevent the focus of their protest by physically blocking it with the camp. Environmental protests are demonstrations seeking to bring recognition of how people, companies, or governments impact a natural environment. Protests are staged to bring attention to environmental issues and to prompt action to prevent or address environmental problems. -
Environmental Versions – Protest Camps
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Environmental Versions - Noise pollution
Noise pollution is the propagation of noise with ranging impacts on the activity of human or animal life, most of them being harmful. High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease. -
Political and Legal Changes - Taxes
Specifically, a 10% increase in tourism tax reduces demand by 5.4%. The degree of responsiveness of tourism demand to changes in taxes is essential for tourism policy since a change in the cost of visiting a destination resulting from a change in tourism tax policies affects inbound tourism demand
