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At the turn of the 20th century, Max Weber developed a system which utilizes a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. (Jones, 2014, p.45)
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At the turn of the 20th century, Henri Fayol identified 14 principles he believed was necessary to increase the efficiencyof the management process.
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After implementing the scientific method, the Franklin Motor Company increased car output from 100 cars a month to 45 cars a day. (Jones, 2014, p.41)
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Frederick W. Taylor's Scientific Management techniques had become known and practiced nationwide. Scientific Management is the study of relationships between people ans tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency. (Jones, 2014, p.37)
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A book written by F.W. Taylor which explains in detail how to apply the principles of scientific management to reorganize the work system. (Jones, 2014, p.42)
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In 1913 Henry Ford opened the highland Park car plant in Detroit to produce the Model T Ford. He utilized the mass-production technique which consists of moving conveyor belts, which brings the cars to the workers, and each worker performs a single task. (Jones, 2014, p.35)
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Ford's management approach increased efficiency and reduced costs of production by two-thirds and sold more than 2 million cars a year. (Jones, 2014, p.36)
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The Hawthorne studies began in 1924 and went until 1932 at the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company. These studies focused on how the level of lighting affected worker fatigue and performance. (Jones, 2014, p.52)
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The HP Way was developed by William Hewlett and David Packard, founders of the electronice company Hewlet-Packard. The principles are derived from Theory Y and believes in long term employment. (Jones, 2014, p.54)
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While working together at General Mills, McGregor and Richard Beckhard founded what is known today as organization development. ( Burke, 2011, p. 193)
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Developed by Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson in the 1960's, This system takes in resources from its external environment, and converts them into goods and services that are sent back to that environment, where thay are bought by customers. (Jones, 2014, p56)
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In 1960 Douglas McGregor released "The Human Side of Enterprise". It is based on Theory X and Theory Y, Theory X states that the worker is lazy, dislikes work, and will try to do as little as possible. Theory Y states that workers are not lazy, and do not dislike work, and if given the opportunity will do what's betst for the organization. (Jones, 2014, p,54)
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Ohno Taiichi, a production engineer at Toyota, developed lean manufacturing in the 1960's after visiting the major U.S. auto factories. Lean manufacturing centers on the idea of always trying to be more efficient and reduce costs. In this method worker's work together in teams to complete a specific task. (Jones, 2014, p.36)
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Developed by Tom Burns and G.M Stalker in Britain and Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch in the U.S. The contingency theory is the idea that the organizational structures and control systems managers choose depend on characteristics of the outside conditions in which the organization operates. (Jones, 2014, p.57)
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By 1970 Japaneese managers had implemented the lean production system so efficiently that they were producing higher-quality cars at lower prices than the U.S. (Jones, 2014, p.36)
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In 1973 Fiman established the link between managers’ theory X/Y assumptions and workplace behaviors. He confirmed that, from employees’ perspectives, theory Y managers are more apt to be perceived as being more considerate than theory X managers. He also found that theory X managers are more apt to take steps to create organizational structure. (Russ, 2011, p. 826)
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Developed in 1978 by Charnes et al, the DEA technique (data envelope analysis) is an algorithm used to evaluate the relative efficiency of firms. It is based on the use of linear programming to determine an efficient frontier. (Kuei, Lin, Lu, Madu, 2004, p.564)
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Tom Peters and Robert Waterman release their best-selling book "In Search of Excellence" The book lists characteristics of organization that both Peters and Watermen see as "Excellently managed." (Jones, 2014, p.50)
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An article written by Bill Saporito, senior editor at Fortune, In the article he noted that in a study conducted in the late 1970's of over 100 industrial companies in the USA, showed that those who managed participatively outperformed those not managed in that manor in 13 of 14 financial measures. ( Burke, 2011, p. 196)
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A study conducted by Powell showed that most features related to TQM (total quality management) such as quality training, process improvement, and benchmarking do not generally produce advantage. He found that open culture, employee empowerment, and executive commitment can produce advantage. ( Kuei, Lin, Lu, Madu, 2004, p. 565)
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A study conducted on manufacturing firms in the USA and Taiwan showed there is a casual relationship between quality constructs and organizational performance in management, which separatess good performance from bad performance. (Kuei, Lin, Lu, Madu, 2004, p.565)
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J. Bruner wrote in 2001 that a theory can become more interesting and applicable when it becomes "out-side in" instead of "insde-out". The inside-out view tends to be narrow, while the outside-out view can provide guidance to in shaping leadership practice in organizations. (Singh, 2013, p.953)
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In a recent peer review McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y ranked 2nd in terms of recognition, and 33rd place for importance out of 73 organizational theories, according to organizational behavior scholars. ( Sahin, 2012, p.160)
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Orstein and Hunkins states that good practice is based on good theory. Practice relates to the procedures, methods, and skills that apply to the working world. They affirm that these methods and procedures and methods are techable and can be applied to differnt situations. (Singh, 2013, p.954)
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In a 2008 study conducted by Sager, results showed a positive relationship between a managers' theory X assumptions and the dominant and impression leaving communication styles. ( Russ, 2011, p.826)
