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The Inca began their progression, extending their territories, and calling themselves Inca around the mid-1300's to 1400's.
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Topa Inca was responsible for the growing size of the Inca empire because he continued his Pachacuti's legacy of military conquest.
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Spanish conquistadors made landfall in Inca territory, bringing new diseases with them that killed and weakened the Inca greatly because Huayna Capac and his heir died in the outbreak and caused the Incas to start a civil war between Huayna Capac's sons who survived.
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Atahualapa won the civil war against his brother Huascar, and he came across European invaders who outmatched them with their horses and guns. The Spanish took Ataualapa captive, and he died a year after.
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The remaining forces who survived the civil war and fever of the Inca had fled from their old capital Cuzco, to their new one, Vilcabamba. They resisted the conquistadors control for 40 years or so before the Spanish annihilated them completely.