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Duplessis Era
Under Maurice Duplessis
Duplessis and the Union Nationale party were elected, promoting traditional values, Catholic influence, and economic conservatism.
His government prioritized rural life, opposed unions, and resisted federal intervention, keeping Québec economically dependent on foreign companies.
His policies delayed modernization, leading to growing dissatisfaction and ultimately sparking the Quiet Revolution after his death in 1959.
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Baby Boom
Under Maurice Duplessis until 1959 then Jean Lesage
After WW2, soldiers returned home and birth rates skyrocketed due to economic stability and family incentives
Quebec saw larger families and a demand for more schools, healthcare, and housing
Led to the Quiet Revolution since the churches schools and hospitals were too little in numbers and costed too much
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Refus Global
Quebec was under Maurice Duplessis conservative rule
Traditional Catholic values
Wanted secularism
Modernization
Wanted government to take control
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Asbestos Strike
Duplessis in power
Conservative government
Government had very strong ties with the church
Mine workers demanded safer conditions and more money
Duplessis supported the employers and made "strike" illegal
This encourages more strikes to happen in the future
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Richard riot
Under Maurice Duplessis
Suspension of hockey player Maurice Richard because he hit a NHL referee
Thousands of fans protested downtown in Montreal
Became a symbol of French Canadian revolution and then influencing social changes leading to the Quiet Revolution
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Quiet Revolution
Under Jean Lesage
Election of Jean Lesage liberal government led to major reforms to modernize Quebec and reduce churches control
The government took over education and healthcare, expanded the public sector, created crown companies, and promoted Quebec Nationalism
This led to a stronger Quebec identity, the rise of a separatist movement demands from autonomy of Canada even new political parties
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Jean Lesage Era
Under Jean Lesage
After Duplessis’s death, Lesage’s Liberal government was elected, promising modernization and reforms.
His government launched the Quiet Revolution, expanding education, healthcare, and the role of the state in the economy.
It transformed Québec into a more secular and modern society, laying the foundation for Québec nationalism and future independence movements.
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Creation of Department of Cultural Affairs
Under Jean Lesage
The government wanted to promote and proctect Quebec's unique culture and identity as part of the Quiet Revolution
The Department of Cultural Affairs was created to support arts, heritage, and the French language.
It helped strengthen Québec’s cultural identity and laid the foundation for future cultural policies.
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Nationalization of Electricity
Under Jean Lesage
The Quebec government wanted to take control of private electricity companies to ensure fair prices and improve services
Hydro-Quebec expanded as the province bought out private power companies, creating a provincial energy monopoly
Symbol of Quebec economic independence, helped modernize the province, strengthened the government's role in the economy
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Royal Commision on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
Under Jean Lesage (1963-1966) and Daniel Johnson (1966-1968)
Growing tensions between French and English Canadians led the federal government to study language and cultural issues.
The commission’s report recommended official bilingualism in Canada and better protection of French language rights.
It led to the Official Languages Act (1969), making French and English Canada’s two official languages, strengthening French-language rights in Québec.
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Adopted the Labour Code
Under Jean Lesage
Workers and unions demanded better rights and protections as part of the Quiet Revolution reforms
The Labour Code was adopted giving public sector workers the right to unionize and strike.
It strengthened workers rights in Québec and led to the growth of stronger unions in the Quebec
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Daniel Johnson Era
Under Daniel Johnson
Johnson took office after Lesage, continuing many of the Quiet Revolution reforms while promoting Québec nationalism.
His government emphasized Québec's autonomy
His leadership marked a shift toward increased provincial control, laying the groundwork for future sovereignty movements in Québec.
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Creation of Cegepts
Under Daniel Johnson of the Union National party
The government wanted to improve access to higher education and create a bridge between high school and university.
CEGEPs were established, offering free public education at the post-secondary level.
It increased education accessibility, helped modernize Québec’s workforce, and became a key part of the Québec education system.
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Expo 67
Under Daniel Johnson
Canada hosted a world fair in Montreal as part of its Centennial celebrations, showcasing innovation and culture.
Millions of visitors attended, and Montreal gained global recognition as a modern, vibrant city.
It boosted Québec’s confidence and nationalism, influencing the rise of the Québec independence movement.
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Health Insurance Act
Under Robert Bourassa
The government wanted to ensure universal healthcare for all Quebecers as part of the ongoing modernization efforts.
The Health Insurance Act was passed, establishing a public healthcare system in Québec that covered all citizens.
It strengthened the role of the Québec government in healthcare and became a model for universal healthcare in Canada.
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Robert Bourassa Era
Under Robert Bourassa
Bourassa was elected to modernize Québec and deal with rising nationalist movements and economic challenges.
His government passed the Bill 22 (French as the official language) and focused on economic development, including hydroelectric projects.
His tenure contributed to rising separatist sentiments and laid the groundwork for the 1976 referendum on sovereignty.
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War Measures Act
Under Robert Bourassa
The FLQ (Front de libération du Québec) kidnapped British diplomat James Cross and killed a Quebec minister, prompting the government to act against rising separatist violence.
The federal government invoked the War Measures Act allowing military deployment and suspending civil liberties to deal with the crisis.
The act increased tensions between French and English Canadians, contributing to Québec’s nationalist movement and distrust of federal power.
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Oil Crisis
Under Robert Bourassa
The OPEC oil led to a sharp rise in oil prices, severely affecting global economies, including Québec’s.
Québec faced inflation, economic slowdown, and energy shortages as a result of the rising fuel costs.
The crisis highlighted the need for economic diversification in Québec and sparked efforts to reduce reliance on foreign energy sources.
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Bill 22
Under Robert Bourassa
The government aimed to protect and promote the French language in Québec as a response to growing concerns about the decline of French in the province.
Bill 22 made French the official language of Québec and required French language proficiency for all government services and education.
It strengthened Québec’s linguistic identity and set the stage for future language laws, including Bill 101.
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James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
Under Robert Bourassa
The agreement was a response to the proposed James Bay hydroelectric project, addressing concerns from Indigenous communities about land rights
The agreement provided compensation, land rights, and self-governance for the Cree and Inuit peoples in exchange for allowing the project to proceed.
It marked the first modern land claim agreement in Canada, influencing future negotiations and improving relations between Indigenous peoples and the government.
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Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
Under Robert Bourassa
The government wanted to protect and promote human rights and freedoms in Québec, reflecting the values of equality and individual rights.
The Charter was enacted, ensuring fundamental rights such as equality, freedom of expression, and protection against discrimination.
It strengthened Québec’s legal framework for human rights and became a model for other provinces in Canada.
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Réné Lévesque Era
Under Réné Lévesque
Lévesque, leader of the Parti Québécois, was elected to promote sovereignty and strengthen Québec’s independence from Canada.
His government introduced Bill 101 (French as the official language) and held the 1980 sovereignty referendum, though it was narrowly defeated.
Lévesque’s era intensified Québec nationalism and set the stage for future referendums and political movements around sovereignty.
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Bill 101
Under Réné Lévesque
The Parti Québécois government sought to protect the French language and reinforce Québec’s cultural identity amid concerns over the dominance of English.
Bill 101 made French the official language of Québec, impacting education, workplace communication, and government services.
It significantly strengthened French language rights, shaping Québec’s identity and creating a bilingualism policy for future generations.
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Automobile Insurance Act
Under Réné Lévésque
The government wanted to reduce the high costs and complexities of car insurance and provide better protection for drivers.
The Automobile Insurance Act introduced a public, no-fault insurance system, covering medical costs and damages regardless of fault.
It reduced legal disputes and made automobile insurance more affordable for Québec residents, setting a precedent for similar systems in other provinces.
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Act Respecting the Preservation of Agricultural Land
Under Réné Lévesque
The government aimed to protect agricultural land from urban sprawl and development in order to preserve food production.
The Act established the Commission de protection du territoire agricole (CPTAQ) to regulate and prevent the loss of agricultural land to non-agricultural use.
It ensured the preservation of Québec’s farmland, contributing to the sustainability of the agricultural industry and food security.
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