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  1451 -- Christopher Columbus (d.1506) is born as is Amerigo Vespucci (d. 1512), explorers.
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  1462 -- One of the major publications of Renaissance natural philosophy, the Epitome of Ptolemy's Almagest appears; the authors, Georg Peurbach (1423-1461) and Johannes Regiomontanus (1436-1476), symbolize a shift from reverence for Ptolemy and antiquity to respect coupled with confident innovation.
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