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Many Jews reportedly went to the Netherlands where they settled in Gelderland which was reported in 1325.
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This causes the Jews to be subject to vioolence and persecution in the Neatherlands 350 years before the Holocaust
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Jews were protected by law, granted services, and paid taxes. jews were allowed to be doctors and hold prominent positions in the government.
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Jewish emigration to Maarssen, where they were tolerated.
They were not allowed back into the cuty untill 1789, the start of the French revoloition. At this time, jewsih were allowed into Zeeland, Duke of Bavaria -
Netherlands are united to Austria.
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Many Jews fled to the Neatherlands secretly. 100 years later, the community was discovered and the leaders were arrested. 5 years later, a new jewish community arose in Amsterdam and was founded.
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This proclimation was against Christians who were suspected not being devout and prosecuting Jews who had not been baptized in Gelderland and Utrecht. (These edicts occur again in 1545 and 1549).
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This Jjeporidized the position of jees in the Neatherlands.
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This act was issued by the United Provences denounced Phillip II of Spain and therefore the Jews in Spain and Portugal flee to Holland.
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Jews flee to the Netherlands after trying to go to Middelburg (Zeeland, provence in Holland) and Haarlem (northern Half of Holland. At this point in time, the Jews served as a powerful minority within th population. their skill set was unique and special and served as important contributers to the economy. They supported the House of Orange (a political party). The freedom that the Jews posesed in Amsterdam allowed them to manage and foster foreign relations with Morocco.
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The prodestant Church was furious that the Jews were not persecuted for the murder of Jesus. new laws left the decisions regarding Jews to the hands of the individual city leaders.
Amsterdam- allowed Jews, but nto as citizens -
-establish community in 1635
-come from germany By this time, Jews were able to govern themselves (Beit Din), organize yeshivot, and appointd their own communal leaders. -
In 1621, Jews were members of the Dutch West Indies Company. Therefore, the jews made important connectiosn to countries in South America such as Brazil.
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Jews were admitted to Universities and became doctors. Yet, they were nto allowed to practice law. Jews were not allowed into trade guilds, even though they had great foreign relations with many countries except in the fields of religious printing, bookselling, production of meat,gorceries, or drugs. Becuase of their usefullness allows the Jews to spread all over Holland.
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Becuase of strong ties with Brazil, 600 Jews from Netherlands immigrate there.
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Excommunicated from Holland in 1656 after expressing hi ideas concerning the nature of God in his book, Ethics.
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Allows jews to attain prosperity through diamond-cutting and retail trading. William V protects the jews even through there were various problems in the country. On March 8, 1766, synagauges praise William V. June 3, 1768 William V bvisits German and Portugese synagauges and attends marriages of [rominetn Jewish Families.
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This convention proclaims, "No Jew shall be excluded from rights or advantages which are asssociated with citizenship in the Batavian Republic, and which he may desire to enjoy". At this convention:
1. Moses moresco- appointed member of Municipality at Amsterdam
2. Expelled Prince of Orange- Upset Jacob Moses Lowestamm because they had a very close relationship with them. Therefore, the population of Jews were spit in half. 1/2 for Emancipation, 1/2 against.
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3. -
According to an article published in The Journal (from Amsterdam) they want to retain the title from pre-WWII as "Jerusalem of the West". "Van der Laan, the current mayor gave a long and wide-ranging interview to the offical magazine of RCE, called Kehilot... When the mayor was asked abotu the Jewish Community in Amsterdam, Van der Laan declared that it was a "steady well of inspiration".
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-Watned to give Jews their right of emncipation, but the length of his reign (4 years) disallowed his ultimate planns.
-Abolished use of "Oath More Judaico"- Jews had to take this additional oath to make sure that the Jews were telling the truth. It was humiliating.
- Include the Jews in -
- Crowned king Dec 11th
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Following this, jews agree to fight at Waterloo, 35 officers die
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Amsterdam has 51,000 Jews
The Hague has 5,754
Rotterdam 10,000
Grongien 2,400
Arhem 1,224 2% of Neatherlands pop is Jews -
25,000 of them were German Refugees
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-Open door policy for immigration
-At this time Jews were 1.6% of the population
-Refugees came from Germany, Austria, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia -
Racially Dutch (Askenazi)Jews: 121,000
Members of Sephardic Portuguese-Israelite community: 4,300
Two Jewish grandparents: 19,000, this number could have been incorrect as many of them could have possibly had 3 Jewish grandparents, but did not want to be classified as full Jews
One Jewish grandparent: 6,000
Jews who are members of the Catholic Church- 2,500 -
-Sent to Westbork Concentration Camp
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- Nazi deportation concludes after 12,296 were depored and many thousands concentrated in Holland. -Many sent to Aushwitz and Sobibor in 1943
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-205 of the prewar popoulatin
-1/3 are mixed marriages
-The emigration fromt eh neatherlands to Palistine surpassed any other country -
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Holland's prime minister Jan Peter Balkende apologizes for collaboration with the Nazis
