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Girls becoming the majority?
EdWeek article: Title IX: New Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"Girls made up 49.7 percent of the overall high school student enrollment in 1970—ever so slightly more than they do now, according to the U.S. Census." (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Title IX: Living up to its hype?
EdWeek Article: Title IX: New Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap RemainsTitle IX was set up to hold schools accountable: it "allows schools to prove their athletic compliance in one of three ways, known as the "three-prong test." They can provide a proportional number of athletic activities for boys and girls based on their overall school populations, prove they are increasing athletic activities for girls on a continuous basis, or prove they are satisfying girls' interest in athletics." (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Title IX signed by Ronald M. Nixon
Ronald M. Nixon "signed into law Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibits gender discrimination in any federally financed education program or activity" (Toporek, Ed Week, June 13, 2012) -
Girls taking part in high school Sports
EdWeek: Title IX: New Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"In 1971-72, the school year leading up to the passage of Title IX, 294,015 girls took part in high school sports, compared with nearly 3.7 million boys, according to the National Federation of State High School Associations, or about 3.4 million more boys than girls." (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Grove City College v. Bell
"Throughout its 40-year history, Title IX hasn't gone without challenges. The law arguably was dealt its biggest setback in 1984, when the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Grove City College v. Bell limited the application of Title IX to educational programs or activities directly receiving federal assistance, effectively excluding most school sports programs." (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Grove City College v. Bell reversed
EdWeek Article: Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"Four years later, over a veto from President Ronald Reagan, Congress enacted the Civil Rights Restoration Act, which reversed the Grove City decision by expanding the coverage of anti-discrimination laws to cover entire educational systems." (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
1994 Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act
EdWeek Article: Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"1994 Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act, which requires coed colleges and universities that receive federal funding to submit annual reports to the Education Department detailing the gender breakdown of their athletic programs" (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Annual Reports on College Sports
Read more of Rules Require Annual Reports on College Sports"Rules Require Annual Reports on College Sports
Beginning next fall, students, prospective students, and the public will have a better opportunity to gauge how colleges and universities treat men's..." -
25 Years after Tittle IX
Read More of 25 Years After Title IX, Sexual Bias in K-12 Sports Still Sidelines Girls"Boys and girls in the state share equal passion for the sport (hockey) and hone their skills on the same teams until high school. At that level, until a few years ago, young female hockey enthusiasts were relegated to the bleachers to cheer " (White, Edweek, 1997) -
Study shows: Successful Women started out as athletes
EdWeek Article: Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"2002 survey from the Opperheimer Funds and MassMutual Financial found that more than 80 percent of high-level women business executives reported having played sports in their K-12 days." (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Title IX: Too Far, Or Not Far Enough?
Read More from this article"As the team continued its tenuous existence, Ms. Hull quickly realized that women's sports at Brown got the shabby locker rooms, lower-paid coaches, and the economy-style travel." -
George W. Bush: Dear Colleague interest letters
EdWeek Article: Title IX: New Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"under President George W. Bush's administration, the Education Department's office for civil rights issued a "Dear Colleague" letter saying that schools could survey girls' interest in athletics via email. Schools were allowed to equate a lack of response to a lack of interest under the guidance." (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Sports leads to better, less risky behavior?
EdWeek Article: Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"Meanwhile, research from the New York City-based Women's Sports Foundation suggests that girls involved in K-12 sports are less likely to use illegal drugs or become pregnant in their teenage years" (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) Possibly because of all the long hours and hard work? -
Athletes more likely to graduate college?
EdWeek Article: Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"A study published in the June 2007 issue of Youth and Society Journal found that female high school athletes were 41 percent more likely to graduate from college within six years compared with their peers who did not participate in sports" (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Obama: Dear Colleague 2.0
EdWeek: Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap RemainsThe interest letter for students to express interest in athletics gets a face lift for the 21st century: "The Obama administration repealed the guidance in 2010 and instead required schools to assess interest through multiple measures, not just an online survey" (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Widening Gap
Ed Week: Title IX: New Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains" nearly 4.5 million boys and 3.2 million girls participating in high school sports"....now, we are back to boys playing sports, and less girls playing as opposed to the surge of high school girls who played when Title IX was first passed. Perhaps the privilege has lost its, glamour, shall we say, and less girls are taking advantage of it? -
2010-2011 School Year Results
EdWeek Article: Title IX: New Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"In the 2010-11 school year, roughly 1.1 million high school boys took part in football, while only 1,395 girls did, according to the national federation." (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
New Opportunities Offered in Sports
EdWeek Article: Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"Along with the District of Columbia, the New York City schools started offering female flag football as a varsity sport this past school year. The league featured about 500 girls on 29 teams throughout the city, according to Jennifer Blum, the supervisor of the league" (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Stiffer Title IX Policies Rolled Out by Ed. Dept.
Read more of Stiffer Title IX Policies Rolled Out by Ed. Dept
"Under the move, schools and colleges must now provide stronger evidence that they offer equal opportunities for athletic participation under the federal Title IX gender-equity law." (Associated Press, 2010) -
Exercising to fight obesity
EdWeek Article: Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"Diana Parente, the director of Title IX operations for the 1.1 million-student New York City school system, believes that sports teaches girls how to lead a healthy life even after they graduate from high school. 'With the obesity problem that's currently facing the nation, it's really important that kids aren't just learning academics; they're learning about a healthy lifestyle, too,' she said." (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Fair Distribution an issue
Read More about fair distribution of resources"Besides addressing the gap between boys and girls in high school athletics, Title IX advocates say many recent cases have focused less on equal opportunity and more on equal and fair distribution of resources and facilities." (Toporek, EdWeek, 2012) -
Title IX 40 Years Later
EdWeek Article: Opportunities for Girls, But Gender Gap Remains"Still, compared with 40 years ago, the K-12 athletics scene for girls has undergone a night-and-day transformation, according to advocates.
"We've made a lot of progress because it was so awful," said Ms. Sandler. "We've gone from absolutely horrid to very bad, and that's a lot of progress." (Toporek, Edweek, June 13, 2012)
