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Russians began setting up trading posts on the Alaskan coast during the 1740s.
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In 1769, the Spanish set up a mission in San Diego.
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In 1776, Adam Smith published his 'Wealth of Nations'.
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In the winter of 1777-1778, Washington, Marshall, and their armies, stayed in Valley Forge.
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John Jay - the man who had negociated the 1783 Treaty of Paris - was appointed Chief Justice.
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In 1789, the French Revolution began.
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April 30, 1789, was the first day in which the first president ever (in the United States) got sworn in.
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By 1789, the US owed more than $52 million. Individual states owed a total of $25 million. They needed to pay back France, Spain, The Netherlands, and a few private citizens.
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In 1790, Andrew Hamilton presented his financial plan to congress. His plan was:
1) Pay off all war debts
2) Raise government revenues
3) Create a national bank -
In 1790 Samuel Slater built a small spinning mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, It opened in 1793.
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The price of a male field hand was about $300 in 1790, but it raised to over $1000 by 1840.
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George Washington was re-elected as president in 1792.
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Captain Robert Gray entered and explored the mouth of the river that divides Washington and Oregon. He named it the Columbia, after his ship.
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Spain, Great Britain, and Indian Nations were all struggling with Americans, and all wanted the Trans-Appalatian West - which was the land between the Appalachians and Mississippi.
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In the spring of 1793, the US was neutral in France. But, by 1794, the US changed from that and began building warships. Also, Congress started up a US navy.
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Jefferson - who was always arguing with Hamilton - quit his job of secretary of state, to discontinue all of their quarreling.
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In 1793, Alexander Mackenzie became the first white man to cross North America and reach the Pacific Ocean.
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Eli Whitney's cotton gin (his invention for cleaning cotton) cleaned 50 lbs of short-staple cotton a day.
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Washington ordered Wayne to march towards Fort Miami.
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Farmers wern't able to take their crops to market because of the bad roads, so they turned their grain into whiskey. Whiskey was easier to carry and worth more money.
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Jay's Treaty was signed.
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Since their defeat in the Battle of the Fallen Timbers, the Indians continued to lose land.
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In the end of 1794, George Wshington and Andrew Hamilton led an army of 13,000 to western Pennsylvania.
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Pinckney's Treaty was signed, meaning Americans could navigte the Mississippi river.
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Adams beat Jefferson in the 1797 presidential election. Adams became the president, and Jefferson became the vice president.
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Congress canceled all treaties with France.
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Congress passed the 'Alien and Sedation Acts', which came to be called the 'State's Rights'.
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In 1798, the United States government asked Eli Whitney to build 10,000 muskets in two years. By 1800, he had not yet finished, but he had figured out the value of standardization.
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Adams and his family moved to the capital city - Washington D.C.
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In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte - the new French leader - signed agreements with America to stop naval attacks.
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In the year 1800, there was an election between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.
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By 1800, the Spanish had set up a chain of 21 mission outposts from San Diego to San Francisco.
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By 1800, both Tennessee and Kentucky were states.
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Jefferson became president in 1801.
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Spanish officials cancled the right of deposit.
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In the summer of 1803, Lewis and Clark set off on their adventure.
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In 1803, France and Great Britain were at war.
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In 1803, the US made the Louisiana Purchase.
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In 1803, Ohio joined the Union.
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In 1804, Jefferson was re-elected for a second term.
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Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and killed him.
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In 1804, the 12th Amendment was created. It said that the President and Vice President would get seperate ballots.
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Zebulon Pike and his expedition crew left on a southern route to the Red River headwaters.
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In 1806, Zebulon Pike and his expedition crew were arrested by the Spanish and taken to Santa Fe. Later they were taken to Chihuahua, Mexico. In 1807, they were released.
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In 1806, Congress promised to fund the building of a paved road linking Ohio to the East, but by 1815, only 20 miles had been finished.
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In 1806, Noah Webster published a dictionary, and named it the famous 'Webster's Dictionary'.
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In 1807, the Embargo Act was passed, which banned the US ships from sailing to any foreign port.
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Robert Fulton had invented a steam-powered boat (named the Clermont) and launched it on the Hudson River in 1807.
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Two years after it was passed, the Embargo Act was repealed by Congress.
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William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, persuaded some Indians to sign a treaty, selling land in the heart of the Indiana Territory. He sold three million acres.
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The Shawnee and Harrison's forces fought in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
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In New Orleans, 450 slaves gathered after a plantation revolt.
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The 'New Orleans' was the first steamship to travel down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
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On June 18, 1812, Congress declared war on Great Britain for three reasons.
1) The impressment of American sailers.
2) Violations of American rights at sea.
3) British support of Indian resistance. -
The British were still fighting the French, causing less forces to be sent over to America.
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Over the winter of 1812 and 1813, the Americans had begun to build a fleet of ships on Lake Erie's shores.
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Russian trading posts reached almost as far south as San Francisco.
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During the Battle of Thames in 1813, Harrison defeated the British and their Indian allies.
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Great Britain sailed to Chesapeake Bay and planted troops on Maryland's shore.
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Great Britain sent forces from Canada across Lake Champlain. They were meant to push the South through the Hudson valley and cut off the Northeast from the rest of the country.
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Dozens of ships, with 7500 British soldiers approached Louisiana.
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On December 24, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed. It was a peace treaty between America and Britain.
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The second part of the war began when Great Britian beat France's Napoleon, ending the European war.
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On January 8, 1815, Great Britain attacked America. The Americans beat them, resulting in a great victory. The total of American casualties was 21, while the British suffered 2,030.
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In 1816, James Monroe was elected president.
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General Andrew Jackson was ordered to destoyed the Seminole.
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The convention of 1818 set the 49th Parallel as the border between the United States and Canada as far west as the Rocky Mountains.
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In 1820, Stephan H. Long tried to find the Red River as well.
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New York City's population went from less than 125,000 in 1820, to more than 200,000 in 1830.
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President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine.
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Wnen finished, the Eerie Canal was the most important route between the Atlantic seaboard and the west.
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By the mid-1800s, one out of four white families could afford slaves.
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The Canal Era lasted 25 years, between 1825 and 1850.
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Inventers had adapted steam power to other transportation, such as the locomotive.
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By 1830, 30 miles of railroad track had been built in the United States.
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The most famous plantation revolt, led by Nat Turner, took place in Virginia. He led about 60 slaves who attacked plantations and killed about 55 white men, women, and children.
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The Cumberland or National Road had crossed the Appalacians. It connected Cumberland, Maryland with wheeling on the Ohio River. By 1833 it would reach Columbus Ohio.
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Marshall, who was Cheif Justice at the time, died in 1835.
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By 1840, 2,800 miles of railroad tracks had been built.
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By 1850, 9,000 miles of railroad tracks had been built. The Canal Era was over, and the Railroad Era was beginning.
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By 1860, there were 4 million African American slaves in the US. Some of them were treated well, but others were treated as animals.
