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In his lifetime, he used trigonometry to accurately measure the circumference of the Earth. He also calculated the tilt of the Earth's axis.
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Ptolemy is born in Alexandria, Egypt
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In his lifetime, Ptolemy developed the geocentric theory through the usage of evidence such as epicycles and observations made from the human eye.
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During this time, Copernicus studies math, Greek, and Islamic astronomy, expenses being paid for by his wealthy uncle. At Krakow, Copernicus begins to question the validity of Aristotle and Ptolemy's view of the geocentric Universe. He became increasingly aware of the contradictions between the planets being concentric spheres yet having eccentric orbits.
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While attending Padau University, Copernicus develops some evidence for a new system of cosmology that differs from the geocentric theory,
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From 1503 to 1510, Copernicus works for his uncle, which gave him lots of free time to continue to make observations on the cosmos. This allowed him to further develop his theory on the layout of the universe.
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When working as canon of a church, Copernicus uses the tower to make measurements on the stars. To make measurements, he would measure the angles, altitudes, and distances of stars and planets. This further deviated his theory of the universe from the geocentric theory.
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By 1514, Copernicus had written a short report (called the Little Commentary) on his heliocentric theory of the universe, sharing this viewpoint with some of his scientific peers.
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After 16 arduous years of measurements, Copernicus completes his detailed astronomical manuscript on his heliocentric theory. This further demonstrates his loyalty to the theory and deviance from the norms of the past.
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After many years, Copernicus publishes his book "De Revolutionibus Orbium Celestium," which fully explained his measurements and reasons for believing in the heliocentric theory. With this, his thoughts could be shared with the world, influencing the geocentric theory to be further questioned and eventually disproved.
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He is born in Pisa, Italy
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Through the observance of tides, Galileo realizes that they do not line up with the geocentric theory, leading him to begin to support the heliocentric theory.
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Galileo reads a book from Johannes Kepler explaining the heliocentric theory, introducing Galileo to the theory.
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By seeing a supernova, Galileo knows that the universe changes, unlike what Aristotle believed.
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By observing moons orbit around Jupiter, Galileo has evidence proving that not everything revolves around the Earth like the geocentric theory stated.
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This book explains the evidence Galileo gathered for the heliocentric theory.
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His book follows the comparison between heliocentric and geocentric view, but it was not recieved well by the public.
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While in elementary school, Newton spends his time making numerous scientific contraptions instead of socializing with other kids. This demonstrates his passion for science from an extremely young age.
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In pursuit of a mathematics degree, Newton attends Cambridge University, where his deepened understanding of math allows him to link science and math together.
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Newton discovers and proves that white light is composed of all colors. He also begins to discover the law of universal gravitation.
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Newton publishes the "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosphy," which covered the three laws of motion, expanded on Kepler's Laws of Motion, and stated the Law of Universal Gravitation. During this time, Newton observed planetary motion through a telescope of his own design, furthering his testimonies for the heliocentric theory.
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On this voyage, Darwin studies fossils, finches, and ocean levels in order to gather evidence that he then used in his theory of evolution.
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After his voyage, Darwin returns home and analyzes his data in order to come up with his theory of natural selection and the theory of evolution.
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Charles Darwin publishes his book "On the Origin of Species," sharing his theories with the world. Unfortunately, his ideas were met with a lot of disdain since they challenged religious ideals.
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Marie Curie is born in Warsaw, Poland
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Curie is the first ever woman to graduate with a degree in physics at Sorbonne.
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At age 15, Curie graduates highschool with a love of science since her father had surrounded her with scientific instruments from a young age.
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Marie marries Pierre Curie, who was also a scientist, furthering her lifelong passion for science.
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After years of research and speculations, Curie discovers the element radium, and along with it the concept of radioactivity.
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After working strenuously to separate radium from other substances, Marie succeeds and is able to see radioactivity clearly for the first time, allowing her to develop a theory on radioactivity. This theory allowed scientists to further understand the structure of an atom, in turn allowing them to understand the structure of matter, in turn allowing them to evaluate the structure of the universe. Essentially, Curie's beliefs shaped many of the theories of the universe today.
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Curie gets a doctors degree in physics and receives a Nobel Prize for her discovery of radioactivity.
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Curie becomes the first ever female professor in Sorbonne's history.
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By noticing country borders fit together, fossils from differernt areas matched, and came up with preliminary plate tectonics.
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By discovering the volcanic nature of the ocean floor, it provided evidence that the tectonic plates were in motion.
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Watson works to get his degree in protein crystallography.
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Here, Franklin takes X-ray crystallography images of DNA, allowing for the structure of DNA to finally be understood.
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