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Pythagoras (570 BC – 495 BC) Believed that Earth was a perfect sphere centered in the celestial sphere also a spherical shell.
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384 BC – 322 BC) planets move different from stars–Geocentric model - Planets and stars revolve around Earth on spherical “shells”; Earth is the center of universe (Ptolemaic system) –geo = Earth; centric = “center”.
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190-120 BC: Considered the greatest astronomer of his time. Wrote the first star and astronomical objects catalog and categorized the brightness or magnitude of stars. First to come precession of equinoxes. He also calculated the distance between Earth and the Moon and Earth’s precessional “wobble” 26,000 years.
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100-168(70) AD: Wrote Almagest a set of astronomy manuals which catalogues the stars, eclipses the movement of the sun and moon. His model is the geocentric theory and also called the Ptolemaic Model. He relied on Hipparchus’ astronomy work for the star catalog.
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Ptolemy had the idea of a geocentric universe.
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500 AD – 1400 AD Intellectual darkness: the period seems "dark" because of the scarcity of artistic and cultural output,including historical records when compared with both earlier and later times in history.
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1962– (1921-2016) 1st U.S. Citizen to orbit Earth.
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This was a circular device used to find ships latitude at sea.
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1400 - 1700 Revival of art, literature, and learning.
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(1473 – 1543) Mathematician and astronomer. Identified the concept of the Heliocentric solar system. A system in which the Sun rather than the Earth is the center. Still had fundamental problems with concept though. Helio = “sun”; centric = “center”. Scientific Method of Investigation.
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Copernicus' Theory
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(1546 – 1601) known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical instruments and planetary observations. –Recorded enough data on the motion of Sun, planets, and moon relative to the fixed stars to within 1 arc minute.
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(1564 – 1642) Italian Scientist considered Godfather of modern astronomy.–Turned toy into telescope–Observed/discovered sunspots–Stars not fixed to celestial sphere.–Venus goes through phases similar to the Moon showing that both Earth & Venus orbit the Sun.–4 moons of Jupiter proved that not everything in the sky revolves around the Earth.–His ideas were considered controversial; he was tried and sentenced to house arrest for the rest of his life.
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1570-1619: Was a lens maker from Germany but moved to the Netherlands. Believed to be the first to apply for a patent for the telescope design of 3x magnification.
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1571-1630 Tycho Brahe’s assistant. Discovered that the orbit of the planets are not circular but elliptical (oval). Unification of astronomy and physics.
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1625-1712: Italian who discovered the division of the rings of Saturn. 4 of Saturn’s moons, and the rotation periods of Mars and Jupiter.
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1643-1724 – Sir Isaac Newton: Further developed works of Copernicus and Kepler using math. Invented reflecting telescope 1668. 3 laws of Motion.
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1738-1822 – William Herschel: Discovered the planet Uranus and its moons. He also discovered 2 more of Saturn’s moons. Believed to have found polar ice on Mars. In 1800, Herschel performed a simple experiment determining the temperature of the different colors of sunlight passed through a prism. He noticed the region just beyond the red color was even higher than light in the visible spectrum, and used his measurements to deduce the presence of what is now known to be infrared radiation.
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1855 – 1916 Discovered the planet Pluto and studied the “canalis” on Mars. Built the Lowell observatory in Flagstaff, AZ to study Mars.
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1873-1967: One of the inventors of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. The HR diagram shows the correlation between the absolute magnitude (brightness) and the spectral type of star.
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1879-1955 – Albert Einstein: Theory of Relativity (1905) and gravitation.
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1889-1953: Using the color of the stars, discovered the universe is expanding. Hubble’s Law, galaxies are moving away from each other. The idea is the basis of the Big Bang Theory of how the universe began.
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1905-1950 – Karl Jansky: Discovered the radio waves are emanating from space. Radio waves are the longest type of energy waves.
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1957: Oct 4 1957 The importance of Sputnik to the U.S. In the midst of the Cold War, Russia was successful in launching the first satellite into space to orbit Earth. Putting the Soviet Union ahead of the United States. Science and space travel became a new priority for the U.S. and the educational system. In 1958 President Dwight Eisenhower created NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Admin. The Space Race.
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1961: First human (Soviet) to orbit Earth.
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1963-1972 The Apollo program was designed to land humans on the Moon and bring them safely back to Earth. Six of the missions (Apollos 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17) achieved this goal. Apollos 7 and 9 were Earth orbiting missions to test the Command and Lunar Modules, and did not return lunar data. Apollos 8 and 10 tested various components while orbiting the Moon, and returned photography of the lunar surface. Apollo 13 did not land on the Moon due to a malfunction, but also returned photographs.
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1969 – (1921-2016) He became the first human to walk on the moon.
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This was the first flight of the space shuttle model. This event showed that the new model of spacecraft works. It launched like a rocket and landed like a plane. It was reusable.
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The Mars Pathfinder lands on Mars and explores the terrain on the red planet.
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This was a satellite that orbited the Earth and it was named after the scientist Jean-Domenique Cassini.
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This is the most powerful rocket in the history of rockets. SpaceX launched it early in 2018.
