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Alchemy was the belief that all things are built from one of the four elements, earth, water, wind, and fire. The idea that all things are made of said elements caused chemists to try to mix various metals, specifically lead, in an attempt to make gold.
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Kanada theorized that atoms existed as an indestructible particle of matter, in addition, these particles could be combined to create reactions such as fruit ripening.
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The idea of the atom was created in ancient Greece based on the theory that after cutting rock in half so many times one will eventually have a rock so small it is indivisible, or in ancient Greek, "atomos". They presented the idea that all matter was made of small "atomos" in many shapes and sizes that were constantly moving and colliding.
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John Dalton created the first set of rules that all atoms follow, they are:
1. All matter is made of atoms
2. atoms of the same element have the same property
3. compounds are made by combining 2 or more atoms
4. A chemical reaction is the rearrangement of atoms -
J.J. Thompson introduced the idea of charged particles within an atom, his model showed a clump of positive and negative charges much like a "Plum Pudding" giving it its name as a plum pudding model. Even though his model was wrong the introduction of charges inside of atoms is still used today.
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Max Planck derived a constant that is able to show the amount of radiation being emitted from a black body is proportional to the amount being absorbed.
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Marie Curie discovered, through experiment, that an element will radiate a constant amount since radiation is only effected by the element's atomic structure as opposed to physical reactions or conditions.
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Rutherford expended on J.J. Thompson's atomic model but instead of believing all charges are dispersed inside the atom he believed that there was a positive nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged particles, a planetary model.
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Nagaoka expanded on the planetary atomic model by determining that the atom was like Saturn as the nucleus is significantly larger than the electrons surrounding it.
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Niels Bohr expended on Rutherford's atomic model and said that opposed to a cloud of electrons surrounding the positive nucleus there is an orbit of electrons with different levels.
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De Broglie's contribution to the atomic theory was that electrons act as waves do as opposed to particles like protons and neutrons.
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Heisenberg added to Schrodinger's contribution with his uncertainty principle. The uncertainty principle states that there is no way to be sure a particle will be at any given point at any given time.
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Pauli stated that no two electrons could be in the same quantum space at the same time and could not have the same quantum numbers. This allows for the orbital to be possible.
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Schrodinger Found a mathematical way to determine the likeliness that an electron will be at any given spot at any given time.
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James Chadwick discovered that in a nucleus, in addition to the proton, there is a neutral particle called a neutron. This was found to support the fact that electrons are essentially weightless yet the weight of atoms assuming there is no neutron would say otherwise.
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Discovered that radioactive elements can be created by tampering with (removing or adding particle) atoms to create radioactive forms of those atoms. this contribution had a big impact on the study of radioisotopes.
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After discovering the boson, Bose, and Einstein discovered the Bose-Einstein condensate, a collection of bosons with integer spin.
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Einstein found a way to observe and calculate the amount of power that is produced by the particles within the atom by helping with the atomic bomb and E=mc^2.
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Franklin was an x-ray crystallographer who dedicated her life to the study of coal and carbon. her studies were used in creating stronger carbon fibers as well as controlling nuclear reactions.
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Gillespie worked to extend the valence shell electron pair repulsion theory which can be used to predict molecule shapes based on electron pairs within the valence shell.
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Bader Discovered that an electrons density is a major part of the explanation for the way they act and why the move how they do.
