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Friedrich Hegel "Thesis, antithesis, synthesis
Born on August 27, 1770, in Stuttgart, Germany, and passed away on November 14, 1831. He was a pivotal figure in German idealism and is best known for his dialectical method, expressed in his concept of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Hisphilosophy aimed to reconcile contradictions in thought by showing how they lead to higher levels of truth through a process of dialectical development. His work profoundly influenced various fields. -
John Staurt Mill "Utilitarism"
John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher and political economist, best known for his contributions to utilitarianism, a moral theory that advocates actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the majority. Mill's work, including "Utilitarianism" (1863), emphasized individual liberty, freedom of expression, and the importance of representative government. His ideas significantly influenced liberal thought and continue to be foundational in ethical and political philosophy. -
Charles Darwin "Evolutionism"
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and biologist best known for his theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin's ground-breaking work, "On the Origin of Species" (1859), introduced the idea that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection, where the fittest individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce. This theory revolutionized the biological sciences and has become a foundational concept in understanding the diversity of life on Earth. -
Karl Marx "Communism"
Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist best known for developing the theory of communism. Marx's seminal works, "The Communist Manifesto" (1848) and "Das Kapital" (1867), critique the capitalist system and propose a classless society where the means of production are communally owned. His ideas have had a profound impact on global political movements and the development of socialist and communist ideologies worldwide. -
Friedrich Nietzsche "The Superman"
Friedrich Nietzsche was born on 15/10/1844. He was a German philosopher known for his critiques of traditional European morality and religion, his concept of the Übermensch (Superman), and his declaration of the "death of God." Nietzsche's work, including "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" (1883-1885) and "Beyond Good and Evil" (1886), challenged the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality, advocating for the creation of new values and the embracing of individualism and self-overcoming. -
Sigmund Freud "Theory of Personality"
Sigmund Freud an Austrian neurologist and the founding father of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud's theories, including the structure of the psyche and the stages of psychosexual development, revolutionized the understanding of human behaviour and the unconscious mind. His works, such as "The Interpretation of Dreams", have had a lasting impact on psychology, psychiatry, and the humanities. -
Bertrand Russell "Philosophy of Language"
Bertrand Russell was British philosopher, logician, and social critic, known for his work in analytical philosophy and his advocacy for social reform and pacifism. Russell's contributions to philosophy include his theory of descriptions, laid out in "On Denoting", and his work in logic and the philosophy of language. He co-authored "Principia Mathematica" with Alfred North Whitehead, which aimed to ground mathematics in logical foundations. -
Ludwig Wittgenstein "Analytical Philosophy"
Ludwig Wittgenstein was an Austrian-British philosopher who made significant contributions to the philosophy of language and the philosophy of mind. His two major works, "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" (1921) and "Philosophical Investigations", revolutionized the understanding of language and meaning. Wittgenstein's early work focused on the idea that language mirrors reality, while his later work emphasized the use of language in social practices, highlighting its contextual nature. -
Martin Heidegger "Being and Time"
Martin Heidegger was a German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations of being. His most influential work, "Being and Time" (1927), introduced key concepts such as Dasein (being-there) and explored the nature of existence, time, and human experience. Heidegger's philosophy delves into the question of what it means to be, challenging traditional metaphysics and influencing a wide range of fields, including existentialism, hermeneutics, and deconstruction. -
Karl Popper "Falsificationism"
Karl Popper was an Austrian-British philosopher of science renowned for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method in favor of empirical falsification. Popper's influential work, "The Logic of Scientific Discovery", argued that scientific theories can never be proven but only falsified. He introduced the criterion of falsifiability as a demarcation between science and non-science. -
Jean-Paul Sartre "Existentialism"
Jean-Paul Sartre was a French existentialist philosopher, playwright, and novelist known for his exploration of human freedom, responsibility, and existential angst. His seminal work, "Being and Nothingness" (1943), delves into the nature of consciousness and existence, positing that humans are condemned to be free and must create meaning in an inherently meaningless world. Sartre's ideas have had a profound impact on existentialism, phenomenology, and 20th-century philosophy. -
Thomas Kuhn "Paradigms"
Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) was an American philosopher of science, best known for his influential book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" published in 1962. Kuhn is considered one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century, as his ideas had a profound impact on our understanding of the nature of scientific progress and knowledge. -
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Posmodernity
Postmodernity is characterized by a more skeptical, fragmented, and pluralistic vision of reality, in contrast to the modern ideals of unity, progress, and certainty. This philosophical shift has had a profound impact on various fields, such as social theory, cultural critique, the arts, and the humanities. The Postmodern perspective rejects the notion of absolute truth and universal narratives, embracing relativism, diversity, and the deconstruction of established concepts and power structures.