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King Louis XVI convened the Estates General to address France's financial crisis, leading to revolutionary developments. -
Parisians stormed the Bastille prison, symbolizing the uprising against royal authority. -
The National Assembly adopted this foundational document outlining individual rights and liberties. -
Olympe de Gouges published this work advocating for women's rights and gender equality. -
King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine, marking a pivotal moment in the revolution. -
A period of political purges and executions aimed at suppressing counter-revolutionary elements.
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A political coup that led to the fall of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror. -
A five-member committee that governed France, preceding Napoleon's rise to power.
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A decisive victory for Napoleon against Russian and Austrian forces. -
Napoleon Bonaparte seized power, overthrowing the Directory and establishing the Consulate. -
The government established after the Brumaire coup, with Napoleon as First Consul.
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Napoleon declared himself Emperor, establishing the First French Empire.
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Date: September 1814 – June 1815 European powers convened to restore balance after Napoleon's defeat, redrawing the continent's political map. -
Reign: 1814 – 1824 Restored the Bourbon monarchy after Napoleon's fall, ruling until his death. -
Following his abdication, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba. -
Napoleon's final military defeat, leading to his second abdication. -
After his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of St. Helena. -
Date: 1820 – 1823 A liberal uprising in Spain led to a constitutional government before being suppressed by French intervention. -
Date: 1821 – 1830 Greek revolutionaries fought against Ottoman rule, achieving independence with support from Britain, France, and Russia. -
Napoleon died in exile on St. Helena. -
Reign: 1824 – 1830 His conservative policies led to the July Revolution and his subsequent abdication. -
Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands, later recognized by European powers. -
Reign: 1830 – 1848 Known as the "Citizen King," his reign ended with the 1848 revolution. -
A customs union that facilitated economic unity among German states, paving the way for political unification. -
Date: 1848 – 1852 Established after the February Revolution, it ended with Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup. -
A series of political upheavals across Europe advocating for liberal reforms and national independence. -
Date: 1852 – 1870 Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte declared himself Emperor, leading France until the Franco-Prussian War. -
Dates: June 4 and June 24, 1859 Key victories for France and Sardinia against Austria during the Second Italian War of Independence. -
Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand led to the unification of southern Italy with the north. -
Proclaimed the first king of a unified Italy, symbolizing the culmination of the Risorgimento. -
Conflict over Schleswig and Holstein, resulting in Prussian and Austrian victory over Denmark. -
Prussia defeated Austria, leading to the exclusion of Austria from German affairs. -
Date: 1870 – 1871 Prussia's victory led to the fall of the French Second Empire and the unification of Germany. -
Proclaimed the first Emperor of a unified Germany in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.