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the break with Rome
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the Pope rejected Henry’s petition for a divorce with Catherine of Aragon -
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the king was made “Supreme Head of the Church of England” -
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They were disbanded and the Crown appropriated their income and land
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•the Roman Catholic church attempted to correct some of the abuses of the church
•and harshly condemned protestant heresies -
the young King
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the Catholic Restoration
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Doctrine:
• stated the doctrine (religious belief) of the Church
• 3 important changes : a new ecclesiology (conception of the Church) / a new doctrine of Salvation (doctrine du salut) / a new definition of sacraments and of the mass
• still in use today -
•Protestantism was confined to secrecy as heretics were burned
•over 200 Protestants went to the stake
•Protestants were forced to leave the country and fled to the Continent, they were the “Marian exiles”. -
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Religious belief:
• every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer
• people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
Church organisation:
• abolished the authority of the Pope
• restored the authority of the Queen over the Church
• She became “Supreme Governor of the Church of England”. -
Between 1559 and 1563, the Queen Elizabeth passed new legislation.
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•Spring 1559: the whole court thought this was going to lead to a wedding with Robert Dudley
•He was married at the time, but his wife had breast cancer, but when she died William Cecil spread a nasty rumor that Dudley wanted to poison his wife.
•Huge scandal, and the marriage was impossible.
•After that scandal Elizabeth decided to never marry.
•She gave a speech in 1559 to say that she was "married to the Kingdom of England. -
Pope Pius V issued the papal bull “Regnans in Excelsis”:
•it called Elizabeth “The so-called queen” (!), “a heretic favouring heretics”.
•almost giving Catholics licence to kill her with the certainty that it would not be seen as a crime by Rome. The Pope’s hostility to the Elizabethan religious settlement was growing:
•He instructed English Catholics not to attend Anglican church services. -
In the response of the Pope's excommunicated Elizabeth made the treasons act for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales. -
•It provided for the death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism.
•It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic Mass
•Anglican services were compulsory: £20 per month fine. -
Painters needed to have undergone a 7 years training. -
Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Marie Stuart and this group. -
After The Babington plot Mary Queen of Scots was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death.
She was executed in Fotheringham Castle, wearing a bright red dress, the colour of Catholic martyrs. -
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•She had secured the position of England in the world
•She had imposed Protestantism
•Her heir was the son of her cousin Mary Queen of Scots
•James VI of Scotland: became James I of England. -
James I was also the King of England but also the King of Scotland where he was King James VI.
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A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I. -
the King tried to introduce this financial form to receive a fixed sum.
But some MPs feared the King would not need to call up parliaments anymore to get money.
The House of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great Contract and James dismissed Parliament. -
James was presented with the MILLENARY PETITION asked for the Church of England to be purified of the last traces of Catholic doctrines and rites.
But James refused and confirmed the Elizabethan status quo.
The only important change was a new English translation of the Bible. -
•Military defeats (Lord Buckingham, the King’s advisor became very unpopular).
•England at war with Spain and France. →Consequences of the war:
•A huge strain on finances.
•The raising of troops had important impacts on the local population. -
James I summoned a Parliament to ask for money for war. -
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They requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial.
Wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his powers.
Charles reluctantly signed it but was furious, and as MPs were discussing impeaching Lord Buckingham again, he suspended parliament seating. -
•Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom
•as well as anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent -
• 11 years when the King ruled without calling a parliament
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•1637 King Charles I attempted to draw the Church of Scotland (Calvinist) into line with the Church of England (Anglican).
•Scottish opposition came to the boil when Charles I attempted to impose a New Prayer Book -
Following the 1603 Union of the Crowns, Scotland and England began to share the same monarch, though the two countries were still independent kingdoms for the next hundred years.
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•Petition opposing Charles’ religious policy, it called for the spiritual independence of the Scottish Church to be maintained.
•To Charles, this was an act of open rebellion.
→Scotland and England both started to form an army
→The Bishops’ Wars -
He called a parliament after 11 years because he needed money to fight the Scots
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→The Irish Rebellion was an armed revolt broke out in Ireland.
•James I had implemented a plantation policy = sending English and Scottish protestant colonists to Ireland, taking the lands of Irish Catholics
•In October 1641, Irish Catholic rebels rose up against Protestant settlers -
•Because of The Irish Rebellion Parliament passed the Militia Act: the army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament
→taking away the King’s ability to appoint whoever he wanted -
→ An important document voted by Parliament after heated debates.
It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands:
•the right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers
•the right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
•the right for Parliament to reform the Church -
•Charles I believed that John Pym and 4 other MPs were plotting against the Queen.
• He wanted to impeach them, but Parliament refused.
Charles I marched into the House of Commons with troops and attempted to arrest the 5 MPs (January 1642) -
The Civil War was between supporters of the monarchy of Charles I called the Royalists and the Parliament called the Parliamentarians.
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•Unlike the earlier regional armies, this was a national, centralized army, controlled and paid from Westminster rather than the counties
•Strong of 22 000 men
•Armed with swords, pistols, pikes.
•Wearing the redcoat
•Religious fervour (nicknamed the “praying army”, soldiers carried Bibles in their breast pockets), convinced that the army was acting on God’s behalf -
Was a turning point and saw the Royalist forces weaken. -
•Charles surrendered to the Scots, who handed him to Parliament
•Thinking the war was over, the House of Commons decided to disband the New Model Army but without paying the soldiers what they were due.
→ This led to mutiny.
→ In June 1647, the New Model Army seized the King. -
→The Second Civil War was made of a series of revolts in the South of England, Wales and Scotland
•The Royalists were easily defeated by Cromwell
•Very short : January-Autumn 1648 -
→In 1649:
•A law abolished monarchy (described as “unnecessary, burdensome and dangerous”)
•The House of Lords was abolished
•The House of Commons had supreme authority
•England was declared a Commonwealth
•Ruled as a Republic -
→Between 2 reigns and 2 Kings
•England declared a “Commonwealth” = governed by its people without a King
•But failure to reach stability led to the creation of a “Military Protectorate” ruled by Cromwell -
The King was put on trial for high treason and was executed. -
England was declared a Commonwealth/ a republic -
→The Irish Rebellion led by Irish Catholics was crushed by Cromwell and his troops.
•Massacre of the Irish Royalist troops and civilians in Drogheda.
•Wexford massacre (every man, woman children killed) →In the aftermath of Cromwell’s repression:
•Catholicism forbidden
•Irish priests arrested
•Irish Catholics’ lands confiscated -
•Charles II was proclaimed king of Scotland after his father’s execution
•He raised a Scottish Army to invade England
•Cromwell defeated the Scots Army in 1650
•And crushed the uprising of the Scots Royalist force led by Charles II in 1651.
•Charles II escaped -
→England's first and only written constitution -
Riding through the House of Commons with soldiers, Cromwell ordered the MPs to leave. -
→end of the Commonwealth and start of the Cromwellian Protectorate (or Military Protectorate) -
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→Success: Cromwell’s war against Catholic Spain →Royalist conspiracy: Penruddock’s Rising in Wiltshire, planned to assassinate Cromwell. Rebellion contained. →Cromwell died in 1658
•His son Richard became Lord Protector but resigned after 6 months
•This led to a period of Anarchy
→ 7 governments in less than a year!
•People longed for a return to order, increasing support for monarchy… -
→It promised:
•A general amnesty (pardon)
•To continue religious toleration
•To share power with Parliament in return for the restoration of monarchy. → It worked! King restored 29 May 1660 = The Restoration -
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→ all ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer. -
•Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II
•Fear: James as king would implement pro-Catholic politics and might try to restore absolute monarchy, threatening Parliament -
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•Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne.
•Charles’ reaction: dissolving the Parliament. -
→Important tensions
→Hope: James was old and as he didn’t have a male heir, his protestant daughter Mary would soon succeed him
→But the problem was that James' second wife gave birth to a son
→In 1688, Parliament invited the King’s son in law (William of Orange) to invade England and seize the crown
→He landed with an army of 15 000 men and met no resistance
→James’ army disintegrated, officers deserted.
→James II fled to France and William became King William III -
→ Established religious pluralism, and freedom of worship for all Protestants. -
→ Limited the monarch’s power for the first time -
→ Ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs.
→ Put an end to the 16th and 17th quarrel between King and Parliament. A new balance of powers in favour of Parliament. -
→Led to the creation of a United Kingdom to be called "Great Britain".
→Under Queen Anne, ratification of the Act of Union:
•A single kingdom
•Scotland lost its parliament but gained 45 seats in the House of Commons + 16 seats in the House of Lords
•Scotland kept its Presbyterian church and own laws