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The roots of the American educational system are established in Jamestown. Colonial schools were typically taught by men waiting to become ministers or lawyers. Instruction was primitive, resources were scarce, and students often had to sit passively for hours. Schools reflected settlers' values and beliefs; schooling had same class and gender distinctions common in Europe (wealthy white males, ignored women, people of color, and less wealthy).
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American High School-prepared boys for ministry and law
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designed to produce citizens who understood the Bible and could thwart Satan's trickery; required every town of 50 or more households to hire a teacher; public education could contribute to the greater food our of country
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supported restrictive views of education and railed against both free public education and access to books
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American High School-eliminated religion, focused on practical needs: math, science, and navigation
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Federal government signs nearly 400 treaties with Native American nations and tribes
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Before 1775, the U.S. was a loose collection of separate colonies that looked mostly to Europe for trade and ideas. From 1775-1820, the separate colonies became the U.S.A., and this country shaped its future through the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The Constitution removes formal religion from the schools and establishes state responsibility in education.
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designed to raise money by selling land in the territories west of the original colonies acquired from Britain at the end of the Revolutionary War; divided land into townships for support of education; the lines of responsibility between state and federal government were being blurred
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free public schooling becomes accessible to most students; Common school movement-a historic attempt to make education available to all children in the U.S.
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American High School-focused on needs of boys not attending college; in 1824-new name English High School
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Hispanic education in America began with Catholic Mission Schools in the southwest, but shifted to public schools after the Mexican-American War
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4,000 black students in slave states and 23,000 in free states attended school; less than 2% of African American population
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under Horace Mann's influence
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Tuskegee Institute established bettering the education and lives of African Americans in the South
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U.S. government begins building boarding schools
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American High School-created standards and methods for high school
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San Francisco established segregated schools for Asian Americans
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educators created Junior High Schools to provide a unique academic curriculum for early adolescents-Columbus, Ohio was the first to open a 7-9 school.
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American High School-created Cardinal Principles of Education, including applied goals in health and civic education
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National reports and federal legislation provide Native Americans with greater control over education
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1930's
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1940's
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schools become instruments of national purpose and social change
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1950's
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created to support research and improve science education
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1950's-1970's
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Supreme Court ruled that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal and that racially segregated schools generated "a feeling of inferiority".
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designed to enhance "the security of the nation" by improving instruction in math, science, and foreign languages
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1960's: increasing federal funding for K-12 education, development of the Job Corp, creation of the Department of Education in 1979, support for learners with exceptionalilites (IDEA in 1975), creation of national compensatory education programs
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prohibited discrimination against students on the basis of race, color, or national origin in all institutions receiving federal funds
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federal compensatory education program designed to help 3-to 5-year old disadvantaged children enter school ready to learn
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a federal compensatory education program that funds supplemental education services for low-income students in elementary and secondary schools
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1967
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Middle schools created targeted at grades 6-8 and designed to meet the unique social, emotional, and intellectual needs of early adolescents
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1970's-state supported kindergarten become a reality for most students in the United States
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1970's-public schools that provide innovative or specialized programs and accept enrollment from students in all parts of a district developed to integrate white and minority students
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establishes Office of Indian Education
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No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded in the participation in, be denied benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
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federal court rules that San Francisco school system had violated the rights of Chinese American students, and students who found their educational experience "wholly incomprehensible" should be taught in their first language if that language was not English
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protects the languages and cultures of Native Americans
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required all states to develop a comprehensive accountability plan to ensure that all students acquire basic skills, with primary emphasis on reading and math
