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Charles IV of Spain was King of Spain from 1788 to 1808. His reign was marked by political weakness and conflicts with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, ending when he abdicated the throne during Napoleon’s invasion of Spain. -
Fernando VII was King of Spain in 1808 and again from 1814 to 1833. His reign was marked by the loss of Spanish American colonies and his restoration of absolute monarchy after the Napoleonic Wars, opposing liberal reforms. -
Juan Álvarez Mendizábal was a Spanish politician and economist. He is best known for his role as Prime Minister during the reign of Isabel II, implementing the Desamortización a major confiscation and sale of church and communal land to reduce public debt. -
The Constitution of Cádiz was Spain’s first liberal constitution, established by the Cortes of Cádiz during the Peninsular War against Napoleon. It promoted national sovereignty, separation of powers, freedom of the press, and universal male suffrage, -
The Sexenio Absolutista in Spain was the six-year period after King Fernando VII returned to the throne following Napoleon’s defeat. During this time, he abolished the liberal Constitution of Cádiz, restored absolute monarchy, suppressed constitutional freedoms, and persecuted liberals, until the Liberal Triennium (1820–1823) began.
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The Liberal Triennium in Spain was a three-year period when King Fernando VII was forced to accept the Constitution of Cádiz after a military uprising. During this time, liberals attempted to implement constitutional government, promote civil liberties, and limit royal power, until the French army restored absolute monarchy in 1823.
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The Absolutist Decade in Spain was a period when King Fernando VII restored absolute monarchy after the end of the Liberal Triennium. During this decade, constitutional freedoms were suppressed, liberals were persecuted, and the king’s absolute power was fully reestablished until his death in 1833.
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Práxedes Mateo Sagasta was a Spanish politician and engineer. He was a leading liberal leader during the Bourbon Restoration and served several times as Prime Minister of Spain, promoting constitutional reforms and civil liberties. -
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo was a Spanish politician and historian. He was a key figure in the Bourbon Restoration, helped establish the constitutional monarchy, and served several times as Prime Minister of Spain before being assassinated in 1897. -
Isabel II of Spain was queen from 1833 to 1868. Her reign was marked by political instability, conflicts between liberals and conservatives, and ended when she was overthrown and forced into exile. -
The Triumph of Liberalism refers to the periods when liberal ideas and constitutional government gained the upper hand over absolute monarchy. One key example was the Liberal Triennium (1820–1823), when King Fernando VII was forced to accept the Constitution of Cádiz, constitutional freedoms were restored, and liberals tried to implement reforms to limit the king’s power.
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The Moderate Decade was a period when the Moderate Party dominated politics under Queen Isabel II. During this time, the government promoted centralized authority, limited suffrage, and conservative policies, while trying to stabilize the country after years of political instability.
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Amadeo I was an Italian prince from the House of Savoy who became King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. His reign was marked by political instability, he eventually abdicated, leading to the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic. -
The Progressive Biennium was a two-year period when the Progressive Party came to power under Queen Isabel II. During this time, the government implemented liberal reforms, promoted civil liberties, and tried to modernize the economy and administration, but the period ended due to political instability and conflicts with conservatives.
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In 1854 O´Donell created the centrist liberal union party, there was stability until 1864, where there was an economic crisis, then since 1866 progressists and democrats conspirated against Isabel II
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The First Spanish Republic was a short-lived government in Spain that replaced the monarchy after King Amadeo I abdicated. It faced political instability, regional uprisings, and economic problems, and ended when the monarchy was restored under Alfonso XII.
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The Return of the Bourbons (1874) refers to the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy after the fall of the First Spanish Republic. Alfonso XII became king, marking the beginning of the Restoration period, which aimed to stabilize Spain through a constitutional monarchy and a system of alternating governments. -
The origins of the labor movement is the period during the 19th century Industrial Revolution when workers began organizing to fight for better wages, working conditions, and labor rights. Early unions, strikes, and political activism laid the foundation for later socialist and anarchist movements.