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Socrates' students Plato and Aristotle believe the world and all of its organisms are perfect and unchanging.
Plato (427-327BCE): He believed that all living things were made by a craftsmen named Demiargos and were all modeled to represent an imperfect replica of a perfect, heavenly, model
Aristotle (384-322BCE): He was the first to come up with 'The Great Chain of Being'. This suggested that species were placed in a heirachy from lowest at the bottom (worms) and the highest at the top (God) -
John said that every different animal and plant was a different species and you can define them by physical characteristics. All creatures were made by god but had changes because of local conditions.
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He thought that creatures changed according to God's divine plan.
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Geroges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon is the first man to publicly challenge the belief that life never changes and that the wordl is 6000 years old. He studies the anatomy of animals and notes the similarities between species. He theorizes that they probably had common ancestors. It this is the case the world is much older than 6000 years.
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He said that natural modifications could occur over many generations and could create a new species.
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Charles Darwin's father thought that all warm-blooded animals came from the same, single micro-organism.
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Geroges Cuvier, a paleontologist, studies fossils and notes the appearance and also disappearance of species in different layers of fossils. This must mean species change and events cause the death of some species. He calls these catastrophic events "revolutions".
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He worked off of John Ray's ideas, he still thought complex adaptations were the work of God's divine design.
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck observed a "line of descent" in organisms and their offspring, and believed that hypothesized that characteristics that were developed or built up over an organism's life could be passed on to its offspring. He wrote the book "Philosophie Zoologique".
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Geologist Charles Lyell disagrees with the theory of "revolutions", and instead reasons that changes to species must be very stubtle and take a significant amount of time, because these changes aren't usually ovservable in the span of a human life. He also questioned changes in populations.
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Naturalist Charles Darwin went on a several-year voyage around South America on the HMS Beagle. He made many geographic observations, involving the distinct adaptations that animals in different areas had developed. He spent the next 20 - 25 years after his voyage developing his theories, and finally published his work when he realized his ideas were becoming more commonly known.
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It was a 5 year voyage around th world, specifically around the coast of South America. Darwin came up with his theory of evolution by natural selection while in the Galapagos Island when he saw the different species of finches and tortoises.
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Charles Darwin spent 15 years after his voyage conducting extensive experiments with plants to find evidence to back up his theory.
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Charles Darwin published 'The Structure and Distribution of Coal Reefs'. He worked on this for 3 years.
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He spent 8 years of work on studying barnicles and when he recieved a letter from Wallace he finally published his 240 page essay on natural selection (The Origin of Species).
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He sent a letter to Charles Darwin with the same ideas of natural selection.
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Charles Darwin publishes this book about natural selection because he knows that other people, like Wallace, are coming up with similar ideas about natural selection.
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He thought that traits could be predicted in animals by sorting out their genes.
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He discovered the difference between gamete cells and somatic cells. He realized that the traits were passed on through the gamete cells.
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He studied cells and realized that some variations are a result of mutations in cells.
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They discovered the structure of DNA which proved the inheritance of traits.
