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The Newcomen engine, or atmospheric steam engine, was invented in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen, advised by the physicist Robert Hooke and the mechanic John Calley. This machine was an improvement over Thomas Savery's machine. -
Kay mounted his shuttle on wheels in a track and used paddles to shoot the shuttle from side to side when the weaver jerked a cord. Using the flying shuttle, one weaver could weave fabrics of any width more quickly than two could before. -
The spinning jenny was a machine used for spinning wool or cotton. English inventor James Hargreaves created it about 1767 and patented it in 1770. The spinning jenny helped to usher in the Industrial Revolution in the textile industry. -
Watt's steam engine, also known as the Boulton and Watt steam engine, was the first practical steam engine, becoming one of the driving forces of the Industrial Revolution. James Watt developed the design sporadically between 1763 and 1775, with the support of Matthew Boulton. -
Water frame developed by Richard Arkwright in 1775. Installed in water powered factories, the machine could spin large quantities of cotton yarn. Its operation relied on a supply of raw cotton grown by enslaved people. -
The original Luddites were British weavers and textile workers who objected to the increased use of mechanized looms and knitting frames. Most were trained artisans who had spent years learning their craft, and they feared that unskilled machine operators were robbing them of their livelihood. -
The spinning mule was a machine invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779. The machine made it easier to produce cotton yarn and thread. The spinning mule allowed one person to work more than 1,000 spindles at the same time. The machine not only made production faster, but it also produced a higher-quality yarn. -
The declaration of independence of the USA and its constitution defended the inalieable right of the citizenes, separation of powers, equally and freedom of all the individuals and right to choose a goverment.
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The main threat for the Revolution was that the king and privileged classes did not acept the changes proposed by the National Assembly for a great social equality.
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Representatives of the 3rd estate met in the Tennis Court and proclamed themseleves the National Assembly. They swore to be assambled to write a constitution for french men. The Assambly was Supported by people in Paris.
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The main causes of the economcal crisis are related to bad harvests, rise in prices, lack of money...
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The burgeoisie took the enlightenment prinples to defeat the absolutism and the Estates of the realm. New forms to organize the society and the goverment With the french revolution.
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Each Estate in the Estates General received one vote as a whole group. The First and Second Estates often agreed on issues and would out-vote the Third Estate, two to one.
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The national Convention Assembly made some legal reform: feudal rights were abolizhed (pesantry) and teh Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen.
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The Great Fear was a wave of panic that swept the French countryside in late July and early August 1789. Fearful of plots by aristocrats to undermine the budding French Revolution, peasants and townspeople mobilized, attacking manorial houses.
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Constitutional monarchy, popular sovereignty, separation of powers limited male suffrage (men with certain wealth, in a census)
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The Storming of the Bastille occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armoury, fortress and political prison known as the Bastille.
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Moderate bourgeoisie proporsals: end of the Ancient Regime, a parlament by census suffrage and a constitution.
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The royal Flight to Varennes during the night of 20–21 June 1791 was a significant event in the French Revolution in which King Louis XVI of France, Queen Marie Antoinette, and their immediate family unsuccessfully attempted to escape from Paris to Montmédy, where the King wished to initiate a counter-revolution by joining up with royalist troops.
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New constitution: end of privileges, guilds...
The members sat aqcording to their idealogy.
The king had the right of vote.
The National Guard was created to defend the Revolution.
The Austrians and the aristocracy were a real threat.
The solve the financial problem: church properties were sold.
Civil Constitution: established the separation Church-state. Worried about the actions of the National Assembly. the king and the queen, looked for help outside, specially in Austria. -
France declared preventive war on Austria that invaded France
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King Louis XVI was sentenced to death by guillotine by the revolutionary government of the Convention, on January 21, 1793, declared guilty of "conspiracy against public liberty and attack on national security."
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Was a climactic period of state-sanctioned violence during the French Revolution which saw the public executions and mass killings of thousands of counter-revolutionary 'suspects' between September 1793 and July 1794.
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Was the most extermist period. It was written a new constitution that recognised a universal male sufrage. The executive power was applied by the Committee of public safety led by Maximiliane Robespierre
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The National Convention voted to abloish the monarchy and make France a republic. The radical Jacobins demanded that Louis should be judged for treason. It was proved that Louis was plotting with foreign troops to crush the revolution.
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Some nations disliked the spread of Revolution (mainly Austria anad Prussia) Known events the common people (sans-culottes) attacked the Tuileries Palace and took the royal family. The Republic was declared New assembly is presented, elected by universal male suffrage: the National Convention
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Radical bourgeoisie (sopported by popular classes), republic, more equality (universal male suffrage + social laws)
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New moderated liberalism
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A new goverment, of more moderate burgeoisie: the Directory. It included an elected legislative and a executive branch with five directors, to avoid dictatorship.
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Robert Fulton invented the steamboat, called the Clermont, in 1807. He was not the first to attempt to create the steamboat, and however, Fulton's steamboat was the first viable design for commercial trade and travel. -
Stephenson's Rocket is an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement. It was built for and won the Rainhill Trials of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR), held in October 1829 to show that improved locomotives would be more efficient than stationary steam engines -
On May 10, 1869, Leland Stanford tapped the ceremonial Gold Spike into a pre-drilled hole to link the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads, creating the First Transcontinental Railroad -
The first unification of Germany occurred in 1871 after Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War. -
at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, Edison had built his first high resistance, incandescent electric light. It worked by passing electricity through a thin platinum filament in the glass vacuum bulb, which delayed the filament from melting. Still, the lamp only burned for a few short hours. -
The First Boer War was a conflict that took place between December 16, 1880 and March 23, 1881. -
The Berlin Conference, also known as the Congo Conference or West African Conference, held between November 15, 1884 and February 26, 1885 in the city of Berlin -
The first skyscraper. Chicago's Home Insurance Building, often considered the world's first skyscraper, was completed in 1885 APA Building (1890) in Melbourne, Australia, an example of an early skyscraper outside of North America. -
The Belgian Congo was first colonized as the Congo Free State from 1885-1908, when the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 declared the Congo to be under the sovereign rule of King Leopold II. -
The first motion picture ever shot was Roundhay Garden Scene, shot in 1888. Louis Le Prince dazzles the eye with a remarkable display of 4 people walking in a garden, creating this 2.11-second cinematic masterpiece. -
The credit of the first radio, however, went to Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi was issued the first patent for a wireless radio device in England in 1896. Tesla's patents were not granted in the United States until 1900, four years after Marconi. -
El Incidente de Fachoda o Crisis de Fachoda es el nombre con el que se conocen los episodios que tuvieron lugar en 1898 cuando Francia y Reino Unido deciden construir sendas líneas de comunicaciones destinadas a conectar sus respectivas colonias africanas de manera continua. -
The Boxer Uprising, known in China as the Yihétuán Uprising. It was a movement that began in 1898, coinciding with the Hundred Days Reform, and ended on September 7, 1901. -
The Second Boer War was a conflict between the United Kingdom and the founders of the independent republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic, in northeastern South Africa. -
They made the first controlled, sustained flight of an engine-powered, heavier-than-air aircraft with the Wright Flyer -
Following reports of mistreatment of native peoples that provoked international outrage, the Congo Free State was annexed as a colony by Belgium on November 15, 1908, which ended its existence as an independent sovereign state. -
The Model T burst into history on October 1, 1908. Henry Ford called it "the universal vehicle." It became the symbol of economical and reliable transportation. -
The Agadir crisis or second Moroccan crisis was an international crisis that was about to trigger a war between France and the German Empire for control and influence over Morocco. -
The Second Balkan War was a brief conflict that pitted Bulgaria against its former allies in the Balkan League, Romania and the Ottoman Empire in the summer of 1913, from which it emerged defeated. -
The First Balkan War was a war that took place in 1912 and 1913 between the nations united in the Balkan League and the Ottoman Empire. The objective of the League was to expel the empire from Europe and divide up its Balkan territories. -
At the dawn of the 20th century, few anticipated a global war, but what came to be known as the Great War began on June 28, 1914, with the assassinations of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, while they were visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia, a country recently annexed into the Austrian Empire. -
The Great War was the first major war that devastated Europe in the first half of the 20th century. It started on July 28, 1914 and ended in November 1918. -
Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire