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Galileo determines through his invention of the telescope that the planets revolve around the sun, opposed to the earlier viewpoint that the sun revolve around earth. Galileo's work was considered anti-church, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. The Church admitted the sentencing was a mistake in 1992. -
one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, was the 30 years old war. Starting as a battle among the Catholic and Protestant states that formed the Holy Roman Empire. However, as the War goes on it became less about religion and more about which group would ultimately govern Europe. -
The Petition of Right is one of England's most famous Constitutional documents. It was written by Parliament as an objection to an overreach of authority by King Charles I. During his reign, English citizens saw this overreach of authority as a major violation on their civil right. Although he'd never been that popular as the monarch, his abuse of power escalated to an intolerable level after Parliament refused to finance his unpopular foreign policies. -
The first battle of English civil war was the battle of Edgehill. In which the constitutional disagreements between the government and King Charles I, the king led his troops against the Parliamentarian army. Under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine, the Royalist troops were marching towards London in support of the King, when they were intercepted by the Parliamentarian forces under the command of Robert Devereux midway between Banbury and Warwick. -
The Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the Thirty Years War, signed in 1648. It is known as the beginning of the modern era for many. Each state was given the right to choose its own religion. People were also given the right to follow which ever denomination of Christianity they wanted in all participating states. Many German states were given the right to choose independence. -
After Oliver Cromwell died, Charles II became king of England. Before, the government was a military dictatorship, run by Cromwell. The people decided they wanted to become a monarchy again and when Cromwell died, Charles II became king. He restored Parliament, which Cromwell dismissed indefinitely. -
The glorious revolution was about the overthrow of the Catholic king James II, who wanted to create a parliament that would support him no matter what. He later gets replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange. This event ultimately changed how England was governed, giving Parliament more power over the monarchy and planting seeds for the beginnings of a political democracy. -
John Hargreaves was the man who created the “Spinning Jenny.” This device was a spinning wheel that helped weave cotton into thread much quicker and efficiently. A fun fact is that it is said that John named the invention after his daughter Jenny. The fact might not be true though. -
Convicts (prisoners) were sent to Australia and most never returned back to their families. 11 British fleets set out in 1787 with 700 convicts. By the mid 1800s, many people willing went to Australia to find gold, copper, and cheap land. -
The French economy was in chaos by the late 1780s. The decades of war had drained the treasury, and the country was nearly bankrupt. To raise maoney, Louis XVI decided that the people, including the French aristocrats, should pay more taxes. But the aristocrats blocked Louis XVI's plan. In desperation, Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates General to address the economic crisis. In fact, when Louis called the meeting, the Estates General had not gathered in more than 170 years. -
Members of the Third Estate, were determined to change the system and create a constitution that set out equal rights for all men. The group, led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes, declared themselves the National Assembly, saying that they were the only group who represented the nation. It became an assembly not of the Estates but composed of "the People". Formation of the National Assembly inspired Parisians to storm the Bastille few days later. Citizens of France rose up against nobles and clergy. -
The Third Estate and some clergy who had joined them went to their meeting hall. But the door was locked. Suspecting a plot, they rushed to a nearby indoor tennis court. There, they swore the Tennis Court Oath, vowing to stay put until they had created a constitution that placed power in the hands of the people. This signified the first time that French citizens formally stood in opposition to Louis XVI. It also inspired a wide variety of revolutionary activity in the months afterwards. -
About 600 angry Parisians successfully attacked the Bastille and took control of this symbol of tyranny. This event inspired other French people to take up arms against the king and the nobility. Storming of Bastille became a nationlist symbol, because they helped share a sense of belonging to a nation. It became a central part of their national myth because it said, "We are a nation. We can govern ourselves." It showed how the actions of ordinary citizens can lead to great change. -
A small group of deputies prepared a suprise move in the assembly with the abolishment of feudalism. A few liberal noblemen, by prearrangement, arose and surrendered their hunting rights, manors, properties, feudal and seigneurial privileges. All personal tax privileges were given up. What was left of serfdom and all personal servitudes was declared ended. With legal privilege replaced by legal equality, it proceeded to map the principles of the new order of France. -
Eli Whitney is the creator of the Cotton Gin. This device helped separate the seeds from cotton quicker and more efficiently. The creation of this device did make slavery more effective and slaves were more valuable. If Eli hadn’t invented the Cotton Gin, slavery might have gone away on its own. -
Olaudah was born in 1745 and captured at the age of 11 and put on a slave ship. In England, he was taught to read, write, and trade from his slave owners and was later able to buy his freedom. He became an abolitionist and even wrote an auto-biography on his life! It was the first book to be published in England by an African. -
Napoleon wins his Egyptian campaign with an army of 38,000. It was a battle fought between the French army in Egypt under Napoleon, and local Mamluk forces. It occurred during France's Egyptian Campaign and was the battle where Napoleon put into use one of his significant contributions to tactics, the massive divisional square. Actually a rectangle, the first and second demi-brigades of the division formed the front and rear faces, while the third demi-brigade formed the two sides. -
The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs go to the most qualified. The Code, with its stress on clearly written and accessible law, was a major step in establishing the rule of law. Napoleon set out to reform the French legal system in accordance with the ideas of the French Revolution because the old feudal and royal laws seemed to be confusing and contradictory to the people. Code established important provisions regard the law -
Napoleon crowns himself Emperor, in the company of the Pope. Napoleon used the plot to justify the re-creation of a hereditary monarchy in France, with himself as Emperor. Napoleon put on the crown himself, shows that he is higher in rank and authority than the Pope. Claims that he seized the crown out of the hands of Pope during the ceremony to avoid his subjugation to the authority. Beethoven a long-time admirer, was disappointed at this turn towards imperialism. -
This bill helped broaden the number of people who could vote. At that time, only men who owned land could vote. This bill helped other men like 2nd class men be able to vote. Some men still couldn’t vote though, and this led to some problems. -
After much hard work, William Wilberforce was successful in ending not only the slave trade but slavery all together. In 1807, the abolition of Slave trade was passed saying that no one could buy or sell slaves anymore. Then the 1833 abolition of Slavery Act was passed. 3 days later, William Wilberforce died. -
John Deere is a very well known man. He is most famous for inventing the Steel Plow. This device was used to speed up the process of plowing the fields. Farmers would attach their cow, horse, or oxen to the plow and then help guide/stir the animal along to plow their fields. -
Victoria became a queen when she was 18, and she ruled for 63 years. she was a very popular queen who was very educated. she married prince albert when she was 20, and mourned his death for 40 years after he died. -
The Iron Horse Race happened because people were arguing about what could go faster—a horse or a train. So they decided to put it to the test and have a race. The horse won because of technical difficulties with the train, but the trains till held potential. The story of this event might not be true. -
Dr. David Livingstone was from Scotland. He went to Africa to help people with religious and medical work. He also wanted to find the source of the nile river. He wasn’t able to find the exact source, but he did find Victoria falls. -
In 1851, the Crystal Palace Exhibition went on. The purpose of this exhibition was to show off all the inventions and innovation coming from the British Empire. Queen Victoria visited the Palace 3 times. -
this cemetery was mad because the cemetery in London was getting crowded. its name means city of the dead. even though, not many people actually used the cemetery, and it was closed after WW2. -
Indian soldiers (sepoys) had to bite off rifle cartridges with their teeth. A rumor spread that there was pig and cow fat in the tips and that went against the Muslim and Hindu religion so they rebelled. The sepoys refused to open up the cartridges and this led to some bloody fights. Great Britain had to take over the East Indian Company. -
King Leopold was a Belgian King became king at the end of 1865. He wanted to make to make Belgium his own territory and claim it as his own. He set out to find his personal fortune and made many people become his slaves to do all the work. Many were overworked and become sick and died. A cry for help helped the Belgium government take over later in 1908. -
alexander Graham bell invented the phone. he used electricity to transmit sound over distance. the first phones had to be run by phone operators who would connect your phone line to the person you wanted to talk to.
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Thomas Edison invented the lightbulb, he also invinted moving pictures and the phonograph. he made the lightbulb so that people could have a higher quality and longer lasting to use when it was dark. -
This conference was very aggressive. Many European leaders got together in Berlin to try and prevent conflict and war from happening during this “competition” and they made rules on how to claim war. No African leaders were invited though. The leaders of Europe had no concern for ethnic boundaries as well. They only considered size and waterways and they also agreed to end slave trade. -
The Boers were Dutch settlers who lived in Africa. When gold was discovered in the area they lived in, the British wanted to take over. The Boers refused their grants though and war broke out. The Boers were outnumbered and the British took over the land. -
the wright brothers were the first to fly their flying machine for 59 seconds in NC. the brothers wondered how a pilot might balance an aircraft in the air, just as cyclist balances his bicycle on the road. their attempt led to the beginning of modern airplanes. -
On this day, thousands of innocent people were killed. There was a march to the winter palace to present a letter to the Czar, but when the people got there, soldiers began to shoot at them. All the people had wanted to do was show the Czar some of their concerns and have him sign the petition paper. The guards shouldn’t have seen them as a threat. -
Czar Nicholas wrote this document to give freedoms to the people and more power to the Duma. Later on after the document was signed though, the Czar didn’t really pay much attention the the Duma. He started to become a weak ruler who wanted all the power to himself. -
Henry ford wanted to make a car that everyone could afford. so he invented the model T. it was a slow and ugly car that only came in black, but it was very practical to use. by 1929, ford was making more than one car. -
This event was the thing that started the entire World War 1. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot by Gabrielle Princip. He was heir to the Austria-Hungary throne. Since the Asian was Serbian, Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia and wanted to fight them. Serbia had allies like Russia who had allies with Germany and so on till the point that so many allies were pulled in and a massive Great War began. -
This genocide was between “The young Turks” and Armenia. The Turks began murdering the Armenian people and they died gruesome deaths. Over 2 million Armenians were said to be killed. To this day, the Turkish government denies that the genocide ever happened. -
This passenger boat was sunk by German U-boats and have over 1,00 people on it. The Germans said they sunk the ship because it could’ve had military stuff on it. Years later, it was found out that it actually did. This event lead to America joining WW1. -
Rasputin was a man who helped Alexi Romanov with his hemophilia issue. Though some people thought he was doing, others believed he was doing evil and should be killed. Rasputin predicted his death and the death of the Royal Czar family—Nicholas, Alexandra, and their 5 children. Before the end of the year, Rasputin was poisoned, shot at least 3 times, and thrown into the river to drown. An autopsy stated that his official cause of death was hypothermia. -
Only a few months after Nicholas 2 stepped down from the throne, he and his family were taken hostage by the Bolsheviks. They then traveled all around Russia until they were finally housed at the Ipatiev house AKA the house of special purpose. Late one night, they were tricked to go into the cellar to escape and catch a ride. They were then shot by shot and murdered by the Bolsheviks. -
The Germans were struggling to have enough men to fight and enough resources to survive on and fight with. They called for an armistice/ ceasefire. The war then ended at 11am. The Allied side won! -
This event started when sailors at Kronstadt Navel Base revolted against Lenin and his men because of his harsh working system. Lenin sent men to stop the revolt, and many people died. After the event, Lenin realized that what he was doing might be wrong and bad and he should stop. -
Lenin died in 1924. Many people went to his funeral and lined up to see his body. He body was embalmed and kept in a room somewhere in a museum. After his death, people wondered who would be the next leader. Two men—Trotsky and Stalin—fought over who would be ruler of Russia. Stalin won and did some evil stuff while in power. -
Emmeline Pankhurst and her family wanted to have women's right and equal. in 1918, the representation of the people act was passed so women over 30 could vote. 10 years later in 1928, the reform act was passed so women over 21 could vote.
