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Abdicates after losing support from the military and goes to Holland
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- Made in Weimar because Berlin was too chaotic
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End of WW1
Said to be signed by the "November Criminals"
'Stabbed in the Back' Theory - people thought Germany was winning the war -
- Hitler was spying on the party
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A Communist revolution - put down by Friekorps (unofficial army)
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- Allies forced Germany to sign (Diktat)
- Germany had to take blame
- Germany had to pay £6.6 Billion in reparations
- Army limited to: 100,000 soldiers | 15,000 sailors | 6 ships
- Demilitarisation of the Rhineland
- Germany had give up its colonies
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- Ebert as Chancellor Weakness:
- Proportional representation (More votes = more seats) caused weak coalitions to be formed
- Article 48
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Friekorps marched on Berlin
(March 1920) -
These were the key goals for the party
Some examples are:
- Get rid of Treaty of Versailles
- Build up Germany's army
- Expand German territory - Lebensraum (living space) -
- Nicknamed 'Brown Shirts'
- Under Ernst Rohm
- Protected Hitler
- Disrupted political opponents
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- Germany couldn't pay reparations and didn't send coal to France
- French troops invade and occupy the ruhr
- German workers go on passive resistance and the government prints more money to pay the workers (starting hyperinflation)
- This leaves Germany in an even worse economic situation
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- Peaked in November 1923 where the exchange rate was one trillion German marks per dollar
- People lost life savings
- Businesses went bankrupt
- However, people with debts got rid of them
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- Hitler wanted to copy Mussolini - the Italian facist leader who had come to power by marching on Rome
- On 8th November Hitler and 600 SA members burst into the Beer Hall where a meeting was taking place.
- Hitler let the people go home
- On 9th November Hitler and the SA marched on Munich but Kahr called in police and army reinforcements ending the putsch
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- Used his trial for publicity
- Made people aware of the NSDAP
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- Change in culture
- Art, cinema and architecture challenged traditional styles
- Women were more free
- Standards of living increased after 1924 as working hours decreased. Benefits were payed and 101 thousand homes were built.
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Sentenced to 5 years but only served 9 months.
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- Lowered how much had to be payed per year but didn't reduce reparation amount
- USA loaned Germany 800 million Marks
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- Hitlers personal security
- Nicknamed the 'Black shirts'
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- Outlines Hitler's antisemetism and his future plans for Germany
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- Germany, France, Belgium, Britain, Italy mutually guaranteed peace in western Europe
- Secured borders of the nations of Europe after WW1
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September 1926
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- Meeting between leaders of the Nazi party
- Hitler did this to establish total control of the party
- Also to get rid of disagreements between the northern and southern sections of the Nazi party
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Agreed to settle disputes peacefully between the 62 countries that signed it
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- Reduced total amount of reparations by 20%
- Germany was to pay 2 billion Marks per year
- 59 years to pay reparations Proposed in August 1929
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- American banks called in all foreign loans quickly
- Rise in unemployment
- People began losing faith in democracy and looked to extreme parties October 1929
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- Monitored opponents to the Nazi party
- The intelligence gathering agency of the SS
- Made by Heinrich Himmler
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- Led by Martin Niemoller
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April 1933 - Gestapo set up
May 1933 - Trade unions banned
May 1933 - Communists banned
July 1933 - Other political parties banned -
- Von Papen and Hindenburg turn to Hitler as chancellor thinking thinking they could control Hitler
- They underestimate him
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- Blamed on a dutch communist called Van der Lubbe
- Hitler used the fire to expel communists from Parliment and imprisoned many communist leaders
- He also used Hindenburg declaring a state of emergency to pass the enabling act
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- Gave Hitle the right to make laws without the Reichstag's approvale for the next 4 years
- Enabled Hitler to remove all opposition to his rule
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- Many Jewish shops were vandalised
- SA officers encouraged Germans to avoid entering Jewish places of work
- 1 April 1933, boycott of Jewish shops and other businesses took place
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- Nazis' secret police force
- Had no uniform
- Montored German population for signs of opposition to Nazi rule
- Helped by ordinary German people who informed on other citizens
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Allowed Hitler to increase his power without opposition from the Catholic Church in return for the Catholic Church being able to run its schools and youth movements without interference.
- Signed 20 July 1933 -
- SA cause problems by demanding to take over the army
- SS assasinates many of SA's leaders including Ernst Rohm the leader
- Hitler has wiped out internal opposition in the Nazi Party, giving more power to the SS
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- Hitler unifies the roles of President and Chancellor and becomes the head of the German army
- He takes title of Fuhrer and becomes the undisputed dictator.
- All members of the armed forces had to swear an oath of loyalty to Hitler
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- Stripped Jews of German citizenship
- Made marrige and sexual relations between Jews an Germans illegal
- Took away all civil and political rights from Jews
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- Nazis tried to show superiority of Aryan race
- Victories of African-American athlete Jesse Owens for the USA infuriated the Nazi Leadership
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- Nazi version of the Protestant Church
- Led by Muller
- Supported the Nazi Party
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- Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues were attacked
- Around 7,500 Jewish shops were damaged or destroyed
- 400 synagogues were burned to the ground
- Almost 100 Jews were killed
- 30,000 Jews were sent to concentration camps