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1485
Conquest of Hernan Cortes
The conquistador Hernan Cortes incrused into central Mexico, as well as the Magellas exploration. He conquered the Aztecs and claimed Mexico on behalf of Spain. -
1540
SPANISH PERIOD BEGINS
Cabrio explores the state of California, then years later more people come and attempt to gain land for spain -
Pueblo Revolt
The Great Pueblo Revolt, or Pueblo Revolt (1680–1696), was a 16-year period in the history of the American southwest when the Pueblo people overthrew the Spanish conquistadors and began to rebuild their communities. They fought back against the genocide and missionaries. -
Neophytes
Neophytes are the indigenous Americans who converted to another religion. (From their religion to Christianity). The main goal of the California missions was to convert Native Americans into devoted Christians and Spanish citizens.
Spain used mission work to influence the natives with cultural and religious instruction. -
Mission San Diego de Alcala
Often called the "King of the Missions," Mission San Luis Rey is the largest of all 21 California missions. Established by Father Fermin de Lasuen in 1798, the mission was the eighteenth founded and was named after King Luis IX of France. Colonists began arriving and, soon after, the native people rebelled. They killed the priest and two others and burned the mission. Father Serra organized the rebuilding and, two years later, a fire-proof adobe structure was built. -
Mission San Antonio de Padua
The construction was of adobe brick. Some houses of tulles and wood were set up to accommodate the soldiers and converts who now numbered about 163. -
San Gabriel Mission
Founded by Spaniards. The mission was built and operated under the work of slaves which mainly consisted of Indigenous people from Tongva villages. -
Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
A Spanish mission was founded on September 1, 1772, by Father Junípero Serra in San Luis Obispo, California. When food supplies started to dwindle at the mission, Serra remembered the stories of the "valley of the bears." He decided to send a hunting expedition to San Luis Obispo to help feed the Spanish and neophytes in Monterey. The huge success of the hunting expedition caused Junípero Serra to consider building a mission in that area. -
Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo
From 1797 until 1833, Carmel Mission was the headquarters of all Alta California missions. It was also the seat of the second mission presidente, Father Fermín Francisco de Lasuén, who was in charge of completing nine more mission churches. By the end of 1771, the population of the mission was 15 with an additional 22 baptized Indians, out of a total population of northern California of 60. -
Measles Epidemic
When the Spanish invaded the home of Indigenous Americans they also brought diseases with them such as measles, which ultimately killed many indigenous people. -
SPANISH PERIOD ENDS
Mexico gains independence from Spain -
MEXICAN PERIOD BEGINS
Mexico wins its independence from Spain and settles in California -
Mexican Indépendance
Mexican Independence from Spain was achieved in 1821, after a more than decade-long struggle. Other South American nations followed. -
Collapse of Spain
By the 1830s, Spain's empire had largely collapsed. War debt was just one reason for the collapse. Colonized people rose up to demand their independence from the old power, and by the end of the Spanish-American war the Spanish Empire ended. It had been in decline for nearly a century by then. -
Securilization Act
The Mexican Secularization Act of 1833, was officially called the Decree for the Secularization of the Missions of California. Once fully implemented, the secularization act took away much of the California Mission land and sold it or gave it away in large grants called ranchos. Secularization also emancipated Indigenous peoples of California from the missions which left many of them landless to work the ranchos. -
California Genocide
The killing of thousands of indigenous peoples of California began following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, and due to the California Gold Rush, accelerated the decline of the indigenous population. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that non-Natives killed between 9,492 and 16,094. Thousands were additionally starved or worked to death, enslavement, kidnapping, raped, and child separated, acts were encouraged, by state authorities and militias. -
End of the Mexican-American War
According to the treaty, which was subsequently ratified by both national congresses, Mexico ceded to the United States nearly all the territory now included in the states of New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Texas, and western Colorado for $15 million and U.S. assumption of its citizens’ claims against Mexico. The treaty that was signed was called the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. -
Sutter's Mill
James Marshall discovered gold on Jan 8, 1948, we assume his Indian workers found gold and told him, but he stated that he found the gold. And this discovery of the gold set of the California Gold rush. -
Phase1 of the Gold Rush
At the beginning of the gold rush, everyone left their homes right away to find gold in California, some even left hot dishes of food on their tables. Rancheros brought slaves with them to find gold, sailors left their ships to also find gold. Everyone was in a rush to find gold. -
Phase2 of the Gold Rush
By this time everyone was looking for gold, and the gold was very easy to find. Miners from Latin America came, and the Chinese and Hawaiian laborers came to get into the action of easily finding gold. -
MEXICAN PERIOD ENDS
The U.S. wins land from Mexico, U.S takes California
Land purchases characterize the Mexican period, and turn cows into value by selling them. -
GOLD RUSH PERIOD BEGINS
A period of opportunity, migration, immigration, and violence -
The Gold Rush
When gold was found in Coloma California many people from different states started to come to California to find gold and become rich. But in this process, many people were pushed out of their homes such as Natives, to make way for gold diggers. The gold rush also contributed to a boost in the American economy. -
Phase3 of the Gold Rush
The news of gold in California reached national and international headlines. Less experienced minors from China and Europe came, but those who primarily came were from the states. Many people got "Gold fever" and wanted to come to look for gold by any means necessary, about 250k-300k Americans came to California. -
Indian Indenture Act
The legislation led to the forced labor of many Native Americans in California, in addition to regulating employment terms and redefining criminal activity and punishment. The legislation played a crucial role in sanctioning the California genocide, in which thousands of Native Californians were killed or enslaved by white settlers during the California Gold Rush. -
GOLD RUSH ENDS
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INDUSTRIAL PERIOD
transcontinental railroad, Chinese migration, post-war California -
Transcontinental railroad
A railroad that was mainly built by Chinese immigrants in harsh conditions. This railroad crosses a continental land mass and has terminals at different oceans or continental borders. -
Womens Suffrage
A decades-long fight to win the right to vote for women in the United States. It took activists and reformers nearly 100 years to win that right, and the campaign was not easy. But on August 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the Constitution was finally ratified, enfranchising all American women and declaring for the first time that they, like men, deserve all the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. -
Los Angeles Chinese Massacre
Approximately 500 white and Hispanic Americans attacked, harassed, robbed, and murdered the ethnic Chinese residents in what is today referred to as the old Chinatown neighborhood. Nineteen Chinese immigrants were killed, fifteen of whom were hanged by the mob in the course of the riot, but 11 had had already been shot to death before being hanged. At least one was mutilated when a member of the mob cut off a finger to obtain the victim's diamond ring. -
Modoc war
Armed conflict between the Native American Modoc people and the United States Army. After U.S. forces were reinforced, some Modoc warriors surrendered and Captain Jack and the last of his band were captured. Jack and five warriors were tried for the murders of the two peace commissioners. Jack and three warriors were executed and two others were sentenced to life in prison. The other Modoc people were imprisoned and titled prisoners of war. -
Wounded knee Massacre
One version of events claims that during the process of disarming the Lakota, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote was reluctant to give up his rifle, claiming he had paid a lot for it. Black Coyote's rifle went off at that point; the U.S. Army began shooting at the Lakota. By the time the massacre was over, more than 250 men, women, and children of the Lakota had been killed and 51 were wounded. -
PROGRESSIVE ERA
Post-civil war era of reform, good government can make life better for all (1890-1920) not a formal political party in California, not always socially liberal. The progressive Era sought to harness the power of the federal government to eliminate unethical and unfair business practices, reduce corruption, and counteract the negative social effects of industrialization. During the Era, protections for workers and consumers were strengthened, and women finally achieved the right to vote. -
Sierra Club
Traditionally associated with the progressive movement, the club was one of the first large-scale environmental preservation organizations in the world and currently engages in lobbying politicians to promote environmentalist policies. -
Purity Election Laws
The California law covered aspects of election corruption of concern at that time, including bribery, coercion, fraud, and secret financing of campaigns. Provisions of the Purity of Elections Law included requirements that candidates and their committees file with the Secretary of State detailed financial statements disclosing campaign receipts and expenditures. -
Free Harbor fight
A legal battle. US Senator Stephen M. White failed to cave in to the pressure of the railroad baron Collis Huntington and his congressional allies, which resulted in the Port of Los Angeles being located in San Pedro, instead of Santa Monica, as Huntington had wanted. -
San Franciso Graft Trials
The San Francisco graft trials were a series of attempts to prosecute members of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, San Francisco Mayor Eugene Schmitz, attorney Abe Ruef, who were receiving bribes, and business owners who were paying the bribes. Political boss and attorney Ruef was at the center of the corruption, acting as an attorney to Mayor Eugene Schmitz. He approved all contracts and received hundreds of thousands of dollars in payment from business owners. -
Alien Land Laws
Legislative attempts to discourage Asian and other "non-desirable" immigrants from settling permanently in U.S. states and territories by limiting their ability to own land and property. Because the Naturalization Act of 1870 had extended citizenship rights only to African Americans but not other ethnic groups, these laws relied on coded language excluding "aliens ineligible for citizenship" to prohibit primarily Chinese and Japanese immigrants from becoming landowners. -
Gender Liberation
White women were now allowed to divorce their husbands, work, and own land. All property, both real and personal, of the wife, owned or claimed by her before marriage, and that acquired afterward by gift, devise, or descent, would remain her separate property. -
Prohibition
A nationwide constitutional law prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. Protestants and prohibitionists first attempted to end the trade in alcoholic drinks during the 19th century. They aimed to heal what they saw as an ill society beset by alcohol-related problems such as alcoholism, family violence, and saloon-based political corruption. -
Immigration Act
United States federal law prevented immigration from Asia and set quotas on the number of immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. It also authorized the creation of the country's first formal border control service, the U.S. Border Patrol, and established a "consular control system" that allowed entry only to those who first obtained a visa from a U.S. consulate abroad. -
GREAT DEPRESSION
an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagion began around September and led to the Wall Street stock market crash of October 24 (Black Thursday). It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. -
Hoovervilles
Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens built shantytowns in and around cities across the nation. These camps came to be called Hoovervilles, after the president. -
New Deal under FDR
A domestic program, which took action to bring about immediate economic relief and reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labor, and housing, vastly increased the scope of the federal government’s activities. -
Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. The phenomenon was caused by a combination of both natural factors (severe drought) and manmade factors (a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion, most notably the destruction of the natural topsoil by settlers in the region). -
SF General Strike
Many people who were employed during the Great Depression grew increasingly dissatisfied with working conditions and took action by forming labor unions. Everyone went on strike and stopped working for long periods. -
EPIC; End poverty in California
End Poverty in California (EPIC) was a political campaign started in 1934 by socialist writer Upton Sinclair. The movement formed the basis for Sinclair's campaign for Governor of California in 1934. The plan called for a massive public works program, sweeping tax reform, and guaranteed pensions. It gained major popular support, with thousands joining End Poverty Leagues across the state -
WW II
The vast majority of the world's countries, including all of the great powers, fought as part of two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Many participants threw their economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind this total war, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role, enabling the strategic bombing of population centers and the delivery of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. -
Tract Housing
Tract housing is a type of housing development in which multiple similar houses are built on a tract (area) of land that is subdivided into smaller lots. Tract housing developments are found in suburban developments. -
Executive Order 8802
Bans racial discrimination in war employment (but the military is still segregated) -
Bracero Programs
Brought close to 5 million men and some women to the U.S. as a legal migration to work. The program promised food, housing, and pay. But not all migrants got these benefits. -
War Production Board
An agency of the United States government that supervised war production during World War II. -
Zoot Suit riots
Riots involving American servicemen stationed in Southern California and young Latino and Mexican American city residents. It was one of the dozen wartime industrial cities that suffered race-related riots. American servicemen and white Angelenos attacked and stripped children, teenagers, and youths who wore zoot suits, ostensibly because they considered the outfits, which were made from large amounts of fabric, to be unpatriotic during World War II. -
NIMBY restrictions
An acronym for the phrase "not in my back yard". A characterization of opposition by residents to proposed developments in their local area, as well as support for strict land use regulations. It carries the connotation that such residents are only opposing the development because it is close to them and that they would tolerate or support it if it were built farther away. -
Burns-Porter Act
In 1959, the Legislature enacted the Burns-Porter Act which authorized $1.75 billion for the construction of the proposed State Water Project. The Burns-Porter Act was approved by Californian voters in 1960 and in the same year the Whale Rock Dam, DWR's first major water project located near San Luis Obispo, was completed. -
Governor Pat Brown
In his first term he delivered on major legislation including a tax increase and the California Master Plan for Higher Education. The California State Water Project was a major and highly complex achievement. He also pushed through civil-rights legislation. In a second term, troubles mounted, including the defeat of the fair housing law, the 1960s Berkeley protests, the Watts riots, and internal battles among Democrats over support or opposition to the Vietnam War. -
Fair Employment Practices Act
Prohibits employers and labor unions from discriminating against workers. Bill was authorized by Augustus Hawkins. -
Unruh Civil Rights Act
California law prohibits any business in California from engaging in unlawful discrimination against all persons (consumers) within California's jurisdiction, where the unlawful discrimination is in part based on a person's sex, race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, age, disability, medical condition, genetic information, marital status, sexual orientation, citizenship, primary language, or immigration status. -
Donohoe Act
Creates a master plan for higher education in California. According to the Plan, the top one-eighth (12.5%) of graduating high school seniors would be guaranteed a place at a campus of the University of California tuition-free. The top one-third (33.3%) would be able to enter the California State University system. Junior colleges (later renamed "community colleges" in 1967) would accept any students "capable of benefiting from instruction." -
Prop 4
bond funds for affordable housing -
Prop 14
right to decline sell or rent -
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)
a rapid transit system serving the San Francisco Bay Area in California. BART serves 50 stations along six routes and 131 miles of track. The system has been extended several times, most recently in 2020. -
The Political Reform Act
Political Reform Act of 1974, regulates campaign financing, conflicts of interest, lobbying, and governmental ethics. They passed this act due to corrupt elections. -
Prop 13
limit property tax annual increase