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Robert Hooke coined the term "cells" and anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganisms because of the invention of the microscope
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Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk working with pea plants, discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits.
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Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk working with pea plants, discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits.
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Louis Pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentation, win making and the brrewing of beer, established the science of microbiology, and proposed the germ theory, claiming that microorganisms were responsible for infectious disease
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-- found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages. This later led scientists to believe that DAN might be inheritable material of an organism.
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Thomas hunt morgan discovered that genes wer on chromosomes
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--isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develop biotechnology drugs today.
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-- showed that DNA the number of units of adenine epualed those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of guanine.
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--Proposed the "One gene produces one enzyme" hypothesis
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--established that indeed DNA was the hereditary material that was transferred.
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established through X-ray crystallography that DNA was indeed a double helix
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Discovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria
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discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA
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discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA
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discovered the 64 codons that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins
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Plasmids were isolated and purified by Vinograd
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They were responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli
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Conducted by Boyer and Cohen
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The world's first genetic engineering CO., was founded
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140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organizer
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found a way to sequence DNA. Given an unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine.
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Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E. coli
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Botstein found that one could be identifed by the pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
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Louis was born, the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish. The fertilized egg is later implanted in a womb
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The US Supreme Court ruled that genetically altered life froms can be patented. This resulted in a huge start up of biotech companies.
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Ohio University scientists made the first trangenic animals
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Placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria
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Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-meditated gene transfer
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invented polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA in the lab
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Jeffries applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases.
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speeds up the labor intense process
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Genes were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun.
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NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants grown in green houses and animals raised in barns
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Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in the worm C. elegans
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used monoclonal antibody (MAb) technology
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and colleagues at WA University invented "yeast artificial chromosomes," or YACs, which are expression vectors for large proteins
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cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of an ewe at the Roslin Institue in Scotland.
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looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide of silicon chip, was developed
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invented an automated DNA sequencer that had the capability of sequencing 76800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30 times faster than existing sequencers. Technology like this greatly sped up the Human Genome Project
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coined the term risoswitch from part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression
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Announcement was made of the compretion of the Human Genome Project by francis collins and Craig Venter. The project provided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes
