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Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen was a philosopher and who practiced dominant influence on medical theory. As part of his experiments, he dissected different animals such as apes, pigs, and goats. He thought that the anatomy was the essential information needed for medial knowledge. After observing and dissecting different mammals, he discovered the cranial nerves, veins, arteries, blood and amongst other things.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen-of-Pergamum -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
Lamarck is well known for his theory of acquired characteristics. According to his theory, organisms adapted to the environment and their needs. For example, he believed elephants had long trunks because they needed to reach for food, and eventually their off spring grew longer trunks. The generations to come would all have long trunks.
http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html -
Gregor Mendel publishes works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
Through his work of observing pea plants, he discovered how inheritance occurs. This process is called Mendel's law. He recognized the pattern from how it is passed on from each parent. This includes the law of segregation, The law of independent assortment and the law of dominance.
http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin was invited to go on the HMS beagle. The plan of this ship would be to travel all around the world. The voyage lasted about 5 years, and this voyage Darwin got to explore and observe the natural life. This voyage shaped Darwin's future that set him off to create theories about evolution. During this voyage he wrote notes about his observations.
https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/ -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
This book was written by Charles Darwin, back in the mid 1800's. After going on scientific voyages, he wrote this book. In this book, Darwin argues that organisms adapt to their environment through "natural selection." This selection suggest that organisms that adapt to their environment tend to live longer and produce more off spring. This theory is believed to be the main process of to evolution.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/origin-of-species-is-published-2 -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
There was once a time in life when people had no idea how people got really sick, and eventually died. The theory of disease, is that diseases are caused by microorganisms. These microorganisms are too small to be seen by the human eye, so they need to be seen through a microscope. The theory was obtained and accepted in Europe and United States in the mid 1800s.
http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/germtheory -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria is transmitted through a bite of a mosquito. Plasmodium is a unique unicellular parasite. This unicellular parasite is accountable for at least 50 percent of the disease malaria. in 1880 is was first identified, and another man named Ronald Ross found out that the disease was being transmitted through mosquito in 1897.
http://scientistsagainstmalaria.net/parasite/plasmodium-falciparum -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
Louis created an experiment that tested if sterile nutrient broth could spontaneously generate microbial life. He set up two experiments that included flasks, he bent the two flasks into S shapes. Then finally he boiled both to kill any of the living microbes. The result of this experiment refuted the notion of spontaneous generation.
http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/louis-pasteur-experiment-refute-spontaneous-generation/ -
Hardy and Weinberg independently developed the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequencies in populations
This is an equation determines the allele frequencies in a population. it is described as the basic principle of population genetics. This equation describes that the variations in genes will stay the same from one generation to the next. This equation can be used to measure the different genotypes of different populations.
https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/hardy-weinberg-equation-299 -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
During an observation of looking at a fruit fly, he noticed something different about it. Instead of this fly having red eyes like most of these types of flys, it had white eyes. he thought it was interesting on how these traits were inherited. Morgan had a lab in Columbia University, he was all ready used to doing research for Drosophila. He dived to do more research to find out why this fly inherited white eyes.
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-and-sex-linkage-452 -
Neils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure
In 1913, they both introduced atomic physics, they found out that the atom was small, positively charge, and were surrounded by electrons that were around the nucleus.
https://www.livescience.com/32016-niels-bohr-atomic-theory.html -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
In this experiment, Frederick Griffith explains the process called transformation. It was one of the experiments first to do this. He used two strains of Pneumococcus bacteria In the first stage of the experiment, he showed that the mice injected with III-S id not live, but when injected with II-R, they lived.
https://explorable.com/transforming-principle -
Avery, Macloed and McCarthy determine the DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
These people found the information to the principle of life. They discovered that the properties in DNA can transform the chemical nature of genes.
https://www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life -
Hershey-Chase experiment are published
This was a series of experiments that indicated that DNA had genetic information. Hershey and Chase studied bacteriophage. In a blender was put a radioactive isotope of sulfur and phosphorous, that when spun at a high speed, it separated bacteria from phage. The experiment was published on May of 1952.
https://paulingblog.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/the-hershey-chase-blender-experiments/ -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
James Watson and Frances Crick discovered the structured of DNA (double helix).This gave us the information needed in modern molecule biology by understanding the chemical process of the cell. This discovery helped us have a better understanding of genetic coding.
https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html -
Meselson and the Stahl work with DNA Replication
Meselson and Stahl also looked into DNA replication. Both of them looked into the concept of the double helix. They also gave validity to an experiment that two strands were tangled together (double helix) could code for genetic material. Theses two men were recognized for their hard work and for their observation made in DNA replication.
http://www.pnas.org/content/101/52/17895.full -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
The experiment was a first of his kind and it consisted of translating the first 64 triplet codons in the genetic code. The purpose of this process was to translate specific amino acids. This experiment was the first to crack the codon of the genetic information and was seen that RNA was in charge of making protein.
https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/gene-code/history.html -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops "Image 51"
In the beginning she wasn't as recognized as today, because she was a woman. Through her help and discoveries, she led us to have images of DNA through X-Ray deffraction.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-discovery-and-structure/a/discovery-of-the-structure-of-dna -
Endosymbiosis is described by the Lynn Margulis
Lynn Margulis was an evolutionist, that major events in history are involved in the merging two or more lineages through symbiosis. She believed that symbiosis was an important concept for the evolution of cells. She later on in 1970, went on to publish her book called "The origin of Eukaryotic cells."
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_24 -
Apollo 11 lands on the moon
On July 16, after orbiting one in a half times, Apollo was directed to execute the mission, head towards the moon. After three days, the crew was in lunar orbit. According the the crew, there was some trouble landing. Eventually, at 4:18 pm EDT, the lunar lands, and the first human is ready to set foot on the moon.
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/apollo11.html -
The Sanger Technique is developed
This is also known as the chain termination method. It is a technique based by DNA replication. This sequence was developed by Franklin Sanger. This process is more known for being used for the detection of SNVs.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/sanger-sequencing -
Deep Sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
While scientist explored the ocean, they wondered how deep ocean temperatures could change significantly, in a very short amount of time. They found out that there were deep sea hydrothermal vents. They also discovered that there was a whole new life, including new and different species.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/ -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase is a long chain of polymers that consist of Nucleotides. With this information we can understand and translate information. This technique of information has helped us diagnose genetic diseases such as AIDs. The technique is also used with criminologist, to connect specific people with samples of blood or hair.
http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html -
The innocence project is founded
This project was founded by Peter and Barry in 1992 at Cardoso school of Law. There mission is to clear up any misleading charges and help in the criminal justice system. They are the ones in charge of finding DNA information.
https://www.innocenceproject.org/contact/ -
Dolly the Sheep is cloned
This was the first time humans successfully cloned an mammal by using an adult cell. This mammal only lived up to 2003. The technique that was used for this to be possible was that the cell was placed in a de-nucleat-ed ovum.
http://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
This animal is one of the oldest species to have lived in the human family tree. It is said that this species had both human and ape like features. The only proof that we have of this, is the cranial. Research also shows that this specie was able to walk upright. How do we know this? well there is a whole in our skull called the foreman magnum, this hole on this specie was located towards the anterior, which indicated it walked upright. Fossil was discovered in 2001
http://humanorigins.si.edu -
Human Genome is fully sequenced
A genome is a complete set of DNA information that includes the instructions of genes. DNA is made of a double helix, these double helix consist of nucleotides. The sequencing of the genome, determines the exact orders of base pairs. Up to today, the genome is as complete is it can get.
https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/ -
Richard L Bible is executed
He was released from jail May of 1987. He was in jail because of kidnapping and sexual assault. 13 months later he is found guilty of the same crime, and he does not admit to committing these crimes. The police found the matching DNA of the girl on Richard. This occurred in Flagstaff Arizona. -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described
This is a new way of editing DNA in the science world. This is a unique technology that helps edit and make adjustments to the genome. This works by adding or removing sections in the DNA sequence. At this time, it is the most easy and affordable way to do this.
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9 -
Spliceosomes were discovered and described
Spliceosome are complex molecules found on specific parts of the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The splicesome removes introns from RNA, this process is called splicing. This only occures in Eukaryotes. They were described and discoverd in the year of 2015.
https://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i39/Uncovering-Spliceosomes-Secrets.html
