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Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution
Lamarck is best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics, first presented in 1801. If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. He said that change is made by what the organisms want or need.
http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin received an invitation to join the HMS Beagle as ship's naturalist for a trip around the world. For five years, the Beagle surveyed the coast of South America, which left Darwin free to explore the continent and islands, including the Galapagos. He wrote a ton of notebooks with careful observations on animals, plants and geology, and collected thousands of specimens, which he took home for more studies.
http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/ -
Alfred Russel Wallace
Wallace developed some important ideas about natural selection during an eight-year expedition that was the Dutch East Indies modern-day Indonesia to observe wildlife and collect specimens. Few places on earth can rival this vast archipelago's tremendous diversity of plant and animal life. http://www.npr.org/2013/04/30/177781424/he-helped-discover-evolution-and-then-became-extinct -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur made an experiment to test whether sterile nutrient broth could generate microbial life. To do this he had to set up two experiments. In both, Pasteur added nutrient broth to flasks, bent the necks of the flasks into S shapes, and then boiled the broth to kill any existing microbes.
http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/louis-pasteur-experiment-refute-spontaneous-generation/ -
The Origin of species
A scientific breakthrough by Charles Darwin was published in England. Darwin’s theory argued that organisms gradually evolve through a process he called “natural selection.” In natural selection, organisms with genetic variations that suit their environment tend to propagate more descendants than organisms of the same species that lack the variation, influencing the overall genetic makeup of the species.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/origin-of-species-is-published-2 -
Gregor Mendel's works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
By working with pea pods George Mendel discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/2000-mendel-s-principles-of-inheritance -
The Germ Theory of Disease
Louis Pasteur was the first to purpose that disease were caused by microscopic organisms. In time he used healthy silk worms to see if they would get sick. In some time he figured out that a lot of diseases were air born and that it applied to humans as well.
http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/timeline/germ-theory-of-disease/ -
Hardy and Weinberg
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is the fundamental concept in population genetics. It is a mathematical equation describing the distribution and expression of alleles in a population, and it expresses the conditions under which allele frequencies are expected to change.
http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/synth_2.htm -
Neils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure
Bohr proposed his quantized shell model of the atom to explain how electrons can have stable orbits around the nucleus. The motion of the electrons in the Rutherford model was unstable because according to classical mechanics and electromagnetic theory, any charged particle moving on a curved path emits electromagnetic radiation.
http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/bohr_atom.html -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
Frederick Griffith was searching for a vaccine against Spanish flu and was using two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. During the process he discovered that gene transfer took place between two different bacterial strains. https://explorable.com/transforming-principle -
Theodosius Dobzhansky
He published a book to be said as one of the most important works of the modern evolutionary synthesis. The book was popular in work of population genetics to other biologists, and influenced their appreciation for the genetic basis of evolution. -
Beadle and Tatum publish the 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis
The One gene–one enzyme hypothesis was an idea advanced that each gene controls the synthesis or activity of a single enzyme. Their experiments involved first exposing the mold to mutation-inducing X-rays and then culturing it in a minimal growth medium that contained only the basic nutrients that the wild-type, or nonmutated, strain of mold needed to survive. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/george-w-beadles-one-gene-one-enzyme-hypothesis -
Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA
Jacques Cousteau is thanked by many scuba divers and has a nick name as "the father of scuba diving" when he discovered it in 1942. Because of his discovery divers were able to discover and see parts of the ocean that people were never able to see before.
http://www2.padi.com/blog/2014/01/27/jacques-cousteau-the-father-of-scuba-diving/ -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty
Avery, Macleod, and McCarty played a huge role that DNA was the carrier of genetic information by working with a bacteria that caused pneumonia. Which showed that DNA carries a lot of genetic information everywhere. -
Miller-Urey experiments
In the 1950's, biochemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey did an experiment which showed that several organic compounds could be formed by simulating the conditions of Earth's early atmosphere. They designed an apparatus which held a mix of gases similar to those found in Earth's early atmosphere over a pool of water, representing Earth's early ocean. http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/miller_urey.html -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”
She was the original person who found out that DNA was shaped as a double helix using the X-ray crystallography. But Watson and Crick came in after she died and took all the credit from her.
”www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/76072.aspx -
Hershey-Case Experiment
The Hershey–Chase experiments were a series of experiments done in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that confirmed that DNA is genetic material. DNA had been known to biologists since 1869. A lot scientists still assumed at the time that proteins carried the information for inheritance because DNA appeared simpler than proteins.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hershey%E2%80%93Chase_experiment -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
The discovery that DNA was structured as a double helix latter goes to Watson and Crick. Because of this discovery it helped a lot in the understanding of genes and how they react and live. https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes “Nothing in Science Makes Sense Except in the Light of evolution"
Theodosius Dobzhansky talks about the big things about evolution and how it sometime does not really make sense. As you read what he thinks about evolution you see that there are only a few things that make him think about evolution. A major thing would be that dinosaurs do not really look like a lot of animals from today but you just need to try and understand it.
http://www.phil.vt.edu/Burian/NothingInBiolChFina.pdf -
Australopithicus afarensis "Lucy"
Australopithecus afarensis is one of the longest-lived and best-known early human species. They grew rather fast which meant that their social skills weren't the best and they didn't have much of a child hood because of the fast growth rate they went through. As in looks they looked pretty similar to chimpanzees, however they had some similarities to human as well as in the jaw bone and cheek bones. http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-afarensis -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Sahelanthropus tchadensis is one of the oldest known species in the human family tree. This species lived between 7 and 6 million years ago in West-Central Africa. They walked because it might have helped them survive in the crazy habitats they lived in at the time. We only have head material from Sahelanthropus. Studies show this species had a combination of ape-like and human-like features.
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis -
Spliceosomes were discovered and described
A spliceosome is a large and complex molecular machine found primarily within the splicing speckles of the cell nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The spliceosome is assembled from snRNAs and protein complexes. The spliceosome removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA, a type of primary transcript. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3119917/ -
Human Genome Project
A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA. A genome is a chemical compound that contains the genetic instructions needed to develop and lead the activities of every organism. The human genome contains 3 billion DNA pairs. The main goal of the Human Genome Project was to provide a complete and accurate set of the 3 billion DNA base pairs.
https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/ -
Homo denisova
The fossil that was found made it known to be the people that were called "Neanderthals" it also seemed that they migrated out of Africa.
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/denisova.html -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described
The development of efficient and reliable ways to make precise, targeted changes to the genome of living cells is a long-standing goal for biomedical researchers.
https://www.diagenode.com/categories/crispr-cas9?gclid=Cj0KEQjwxbDIBRCL99Wls-nLicoBEiQAWroh6s_BPgBkNAiR5isqII_Ccu-FP9H_1USojjzrom4GiN4aAto88P8HAQ
