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After the 1870s the press becomes an instrument to mobilize political support for different themes (nationalism, anti-smite...)
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Les causes de cette age d'or:
-adoption de la loi sur la liberté de la presse
-alphabétisation encoragés par le République
-innovations des techniques favorisent la production et la diffusion des journaux -
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A Nationalist movement calling for the creation of a Jewish Nation in Palestine.Zionism is established by Austro-Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl in 1897, in response to anti-Semitism in Europe.
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U.S. proposed that China opens up their “doors” for merchants of all nations. This protected China from being colonized but gave increased influence to Western countries in China.
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They resented foreign influence and marched into Beijing to attack the foreigners. The rebellion failed due to the strength of the European military but ignited a sense of nationalism in China. People wanted change.
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- the government control public opinion by censuring and using propaganda.
- Uses this to also keep the morals of soldiers up
- the "Canard enchainé" denonces the censuring and the proaganda
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Secret agreement between the UK and France during World War I dividing the provinces of the Ottoman Empire outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of British and French control or influence.
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Promising a homeland in Palestine for Jews throughout the world
Assumed that this could be done without displacing Arabs living in Palestine -
Chinese fight in WWI declaring war on Germany in hopes of impressing the Europeans and regaining economic influence in their country. Instead, the Treaty Of Versailles rewards Japan with Germany’s holdings in China.
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- color photogrphie becomes available
- scoops and shoking stories and introduced
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- 1920’s: Moderate-> Means used: Dollar Diplomacy,
- 1930’s: Accentuated-> Means used: Official neutrality, Protectionism, Limits on immigration
- outcome: US unwillingness to intervene internationally adds to global political instability 3.
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Violent student protests take place throughout China due to unfair treatment of Treaty of Versailles and Japan’s influence in China.
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Mao Zedong leads Communist party. Their goal was to take over the government and create a centralized government to regulate the agricultural output, education, and society. Mao believed the peasants were most important and sought to distribute land equally to all.
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Despite differences, Communists and Nationalists unite together to fight warlords and Japanese.
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Sun Yixian dies and Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) becomes the leader of the Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party.
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Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists kill thousands of Communists. New National Republic of China is formed and officially recognized by Europeans.
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Nationalist Party does nothing to reform and better China. No land reforms or open elections took place and peasants remained unhappy. Communists regain strength and begin war against the Nationalists.
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- Radio rivals the written press
- political leaders use it to directly address the nation
- radio allows for a rapid up-to-date on events
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Nationalist forces chase Communists over 6,000 miles through China. For one year, the Communists fled always staying one step ahead of the Nationalists. Over 100,000 people began the journey but only about 30,000 survived.
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- the apperance of totalitarian regimes, international tensions and the war approching creats a divided public opinion
- the press has extreme left and right papers
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Japan invades China and forces Nationalists to unite with Communists. Both groups battle Japan throughout WWII (1939-1945) However, the Communists begin to gain power and influence throughout China, especially with the peasants.
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Lord Robert Peele abolished a mandate and partition between Arabs and JewsJews prohibited from purchasing land in the area allocated to the Arab state. Jewish immigration would be solve by the demarcationHowever, bitter disagreements erupted between supporters and opponents, while the Arabs rejected the proposal and refused to regard it as a solution
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Placates Arabs in Palestine by limiting Jewish immigration and land purchases
Demonstrates a shift in British policy in Palestine
Alarms Jews -
- freedom of press is gone
- the propaganda used by the Vichy regime creates a distrust in the media
- Many french turn to illigal broadcasting stations or presses
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the nazis and collaborateurs were fighting a war on radio waves. Dispite efforts, 70% of french population listened to the BBC
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- Means used : Military interventions + Influence throughout Western world + Open trade policy + Renewed immigration to the US2. Outcome: Allied victory in WWII + Commitment to Cold War conflicts lead to split domestic opinion / support of dictatorships and crumbling of Soviet model
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confederation of 22 Arab states; Founding members: Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and YemenHas long been criticized for ineffectiveness, disunity, and poor governance
Casts doubt on the concept of Pan-Arabism -
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the base for the British Military Command in Palestine was bombed by the Irgun, a militant terrorist Zionist
The terrorist act caused Britain to realize that its mandate to run Palestine was coming to an end and that it shouldn’t try to stay longer -
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The United Nations General Assembly decided on the partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem to be an internationalized city.
The area of Jerusalem and Bethlehem was to become an international zone. -
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Both superpower leaders, US President Harry S. Truman and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, immediately recognized the new state
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five Arab nations attack the newly declared Israeli State
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With the wide and mass support of the peasants and workers, Mao Zedong defeats Jiang Jieshi and creates The peoples republic of China
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Campaign led by the Chinese government to eliminate four kind of pests to supposedly augment the farmers’ harvest:
Rats, Flies, Mosquitoes Sparrows
Failure on the part of the state: severely affected biodiversity and had a backfiring effect: the sparrows, who were seen as harmful, actually helped maintain healthy crops by eating hazardous insects Led to deforestation, and laid the foundations for the Great Famine -
- government, concient of the inpact of the Radio has a huge control over it
- new stations are made on the other side of the border were censure is illigal
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- increasing amount of TV sets in houses
- government creates RTF to try and controle TV,
- TV becomes the dominant source of info
- by the late 1960s the public wants less gov. power over TV
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the nationalist ideology that all Arab people in the Middle East constitute one nation, the movement sought to unite them all.
The pan-Arabism movement mostly failed due to the constant tensions among Arab states. -
Economic movement to modernize China’s economy
Led to famine and million of deaths due to illogical quotas and constraints -
Gradually, starting in 1953, the lands that were now owned by the peasants were being transferred over to the state
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France, Britain, and Israel conspire to take back control of the Suez Canal and overthrow Nasser
Israel invades Egypt October 29, 1956, capturing the Sinai peninsula in a week, to distract from the French and British troops (see map)
Outcry from rest of world, both US and USSR demand a ceasefire
Results: Complete humiliation for Britain and France
Nasser becomes a hero to the Arab world + Israel gains breathing space (inflicted heavy losses on Egyptian army) -
A political campaign was launched in the summer of 1957 to the identify and remove from positions of power members of the CCP who were not adequately “left” or pro-Communist in their thinking
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Widespread famine in the Republic of China partially due to natural causes, but mainly to mismanagement.
Major cause of this famine was “The Great leap Forward” -
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One of the best known terrorist organizations.
Led by Yassir Arafat.
Created in 1964 during the Palestinian Congress -
Destruction of the Four Olds (Habits, culture, customs and thoughts) and rejection of old values
Red Guards- group of young Mao supporters
Marches, protests, riots were used to propagate the Communist idea.`
Girls and Women empowerment
Removal of Leaders
Disintegration of the Red Guards into various smaller groups that fought amongst each other
Downfall of economic and agricultural success -
In the War of 1967; Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan, and Syria; respectively.
June 10th, 1967, Israel occupied Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, West Bank, and Jerusalem -
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Egyptian president willing to sign peace agreement with Israel in exchange for the return of territory lost in the 1967 war
Egypt ignored by Israel and the US
Egypt and Syria attack on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur
Due to Arab military victories, US increased military aid to Israel, Arab oil embargo on Western nations supporting Israel caused economic crisis -
Peace negotiations between Israel and Egypt
Two agreements:
1. Egyptian-Israeli peace
2. autonomy to Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, install local government -
The Four Modernization:
1. Agriculture: began dismantling the "rigidly" controlled agriculture collectives and encouraging farmers to raise crops in individual plots. 1987 almost equal to that of the U.S. and Soviet Union
2. Industry: Special Economic Zones
3. National Defense
4. Science and Technology -
- opposition can now express themselfs on TV
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Lebanese Civil war in 1975: Growing tensions among Christians and Muslims, compounded by presence of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon
1980s: Israel had become militarily involved in Lebanon in combat with the Palestine Liberation Organization -
The Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, beginning in 1987 until 1993
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- causes a decline of TV viewers
- other forms of media adapt to survive, many radio station and press have an online version
- the absence of verificaton can lead to propaganda, users have to be careful of what they read
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- Will to build a “New World Order” + Sole Superpower + New threats
- means used: Efforts to encourage globalization
- outcome: Support for democratization efforts + New rivals: China...+ Financial crises undermine leadership
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Israel formally recognizes PLO / PLO recognizes Israel’s right to exist and promises no more terrorism
Limited self-rule for Palestinians in Jericho (West Bank) and part of Gaza. Israeli troops will withdraw from these areas.
Extremists on both sides disapprove
Moderates on both sides forge ahead: 1995 Israel agrees to withdraw from most of the West Bank
Again extremists disapprove: Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin assassinated by an Israeli fanatic
1996 Hamas launches suicide bombings -
was formed as a confidence-building mechanism to resolve border disputes between China and the former Soviet Union.
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Who: President Bill Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, and Palestinian Chairman Yasser Arafat
Why: To negotiate a final settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in accordance with the Oslo agreement.
The negations failed however as an agreement was not found between the two countries. -
Combined riots of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and the Palestinian civilians.
Palestinian tactics:
Mass protests , general strikes (= 1st Intifada)
Armed attacks on Israeli soldiers, security forces, police, and civilians.
Methods of attack include suicide bombings, launching of rockets and mortars into Israel, kidnapping of both soldiers and civilians, including children, shootings, assassination, stabbings, stoning, and lynching.
Results:
Construction of the Israeli West Bank bar -