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Robert Hooke first dubbed the term 'cells' to living organisms, and Anton Van Leeuwenhook observed the first microorganisms because of the inventions of the microscope
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Biotechnology throughout the ages
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Gregor Mendel, a monk working with pea plants, discovered the laws of inheritances and traits that allowed people to predict the outcome of crossing plants (or mammals) with certain traits
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Louis Pastuer desrcibes the science of fermentation, including beer, wine making, and proposed the germ theory claiming that microorganisms were responsible for infectious diseases and spoilage. (he also developed the pastuerization process)
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Johann Mieschler found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages. This later led scientists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material in an organism
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Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes were found on chromosomes
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Fred Griffith, using mice proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another
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Sir Alexander Fleming discovered and isolated penicillin from mold, and his discovery changed the outcome of casualty rates in wars and modern medicine as we know it
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Chargaff showed that in DNA the number of unites of adenine equalled those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equalled those of guanine
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Beadle, Tatum proposed that 'one gene produces one enzyme' hypothesis. In 1944, Avery, McCarty, and McLeod established that indeed DNA was the hereditary material
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Using the famous 'Blender expiriment', Hershey and Chase proved viruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the heridetary material
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Roaslind Franklin and Maurice WIlkins established through X-Ray crytalliography that DNA was indeed a double helix
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Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA
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Hayes discovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria
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Walter Gilbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA
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Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA
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Khorana and Nirenberg discovered the 64 codons (the triplet code of 3 bases in DNA) that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins
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DNA plasmids were isolated and purified by Vinograd
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Madel and Higa were reposinsible for the first transformation of the bacterium E Coli
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Cloning expiriments were conducted by Boyer and Cohen
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Genetech, the world's first genetic engineering company is founded
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140 scientists met up to draw up guidelines for work with recombnant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was a key organiser.
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Sanger and Gilbert foudn a way to sequence DNA. Given an unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, ctyosine, guanine, and thymine.
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Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E Coli
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Botstein found that one could be identified though the pattern made by ones DNA though a digest of different enzymes. (The DNA fingerprint)
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Louise Joy Brown was born, the first human baby resulting from invitro fertilization.
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The US Supreme Court declared that genetically modified life forms can be patented, starting in a huge startup of biotech companies
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Ohio University scientists made the first transgenic animal
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Eli Lily company placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria
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Schnell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer
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Kary Mullis invented PCR to amplify DNA in the lab
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Jeffries applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases
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An automated florescence sequencer was invented speding up the labor intense proess
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Genes were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun
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The NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants grown in greenhosues and animals raised in barns
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Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in the worm C elegans
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Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne used monoclonal antibody (MAb) technology
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Maynard Olson and colleagues at Washington UNiversity invented yeast artifical chromosomes or YACs which are expression vectors for large proteins.
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Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of an ewe at the Roslin Institute in Scotland
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DNA microarray (DNA chip) technology, looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip, was developed
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Dabari and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour, 5 to 30x faster than existing sequencers. Technology like this greatly sped up the Human genome project.
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ROn Breaker coined the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression
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Announcement of the Human Genome project (initated in 1990) by Francis Collins and Craig Venter. The project provided the abiity to find genes and give rise to the sequencing of the other genomes.
