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What it says: The first Homo sapiens leaving Africa went through the Arabian Peninsula and along the Indian Ocean islands, reaching Australia earlier than Europe. Evidence: Human remains in Australia (~50,000 years old) support this route. -
Expansion: They spread into the Middle East, then into Asia, Europe, Australia, and eventually the Americas. Replacement: As they expanded, they gradually replaced other human species like the Neanderthals and Homo erectus, though there was some interbreeding (we know this from DNA evidence). -
During the Ice Age, sea levels dropped and a land bridge (Beringia) appeared between Siberia (Asia) and Alaska (North America). Result: Humans walked into the Americas. -
Instead of only using the land bridge, some groups traveled by boat along the Pacific coast, moving from Asia to the Americas. Evidence: Ancient sites in Chile and North America are older than what the land bridge alone can explain. -
The Historical School is a current of thought that originated in Germany in the early 19th century.
It emphasized the importance of history, tradition, and cultural context in understanding society, law, and the economy—rejecting universal, abstract laws like those proposed by the Enlightenment or classical economists. -
The Marxist School of History is a way of analyzing history based on material conditions, class struggle, and economic forces.
It sees history as a series of conflicts between social classes, which drive social and political change. -
The Positivist School in history is a 19th-century current that applied the scientific method to the study of history.
Main idea: “history should be studied as a science, based on verifiable facts, documents, and data.” -
The Annales School is a historical approach (not a physical school) that began in France in the early 20th century. It’s named after the journal "Annales d'histoire économique et sociale", founded in 1929. Instead of focusing only on political events and great leaders, the Annales historians wanted to study long-term social, economic, and cultural structures—what they called the "longue durée" (long duration).