-
-proposal by Benjamin Franklin
-create a unified government for 13 colonies
-coordinate defense and relations with Native Americans
-early step toward colonial unity -
-French and Indian War in colonies
-global conflict between Britain and France
-fought over control of Ohio River Valley in North America
-Britain's victory expanded its empire
-led to massive debt and increased colonial taxation -
-Treaty ended 7 years war
-France lost most of North American territory
-Britain gained Canada and lands east of the Mississippi
-Spain gained Louisiana
-shifted balance of power
-increased British control over North America -
-uprising by Native American tribes
-led by Chief Pontiac
-against British postwar policies in Great Lakes region
-led Britain to issue the Proclamation of 1763 to stabilize relations with Native Americans -
-issued by King George III
-prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid conflicts with Native Americans
-colonists ignored the boundary
-fueling tensions with Britain -
-British law taxing sugar and other imports
-raise revenue after 7 years war
-cracked down on smuggling and angered merchants
-signaling shift in colonial policy -
-British law prohibited the colonies from printing their own paper money
-destabilizing the colonial economy
-increased resentment against British control -
-also called Quartering Act
-required colonial assemblies to house + supply British troops
-seen by colonists as infringement on their rights + autonomy -
-direct tax on all printed materials in the colonies
-sparked widespread protests and helped unite colonies against British taxation without representation -
-colonists had to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers stationed in the colonies
-
-series of import taxes on goods
-proposed by charles Townshend
-reignited colonial resistance and boycotts -
-broader name for townshend duties
-increased enforcement mechanisms
-deeply unpopular
-viewed as invasive -
-confrontation
-British soldiers killed 5 colonial civilians
-used as propaganda by patriots to rally anti British sentiment -
-allowed East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies
-undercutting colonial merchants
-led to Boston Tea Party
-form of taxation without representation -
-protest by Sons of Liberty
-colonists disguised as Mohawk Indians
-dumped tea into Boston Harbor
-response to Tea Act
-provoked the Coercive Acts -
-known as Intolerable Acts
-punitive laws passed by Britain after Boston Tea Party
-aimed to tighten control
-united colonies in opposition -
-meeting of delegates from 12 colonies(not Georgia)
-organize resistance to Coercive Acts
-resulted in boycott of British goods and creation of Continental Association -
-law extended Quebec's boundaries into the Ohio Valley
-granted religious freedom to Catholics
-alarmed Protestant colonists
-viewed as part of the Intolerable Acts -
-Americans fought and forged a new national identity
-former colonies became U.S.
-2.6 million people lived in 13 colonies at time of war
-20-30% sided with British as loyalists
-everyone else tried to remain neutral and uninvolved -
-last attempt by Continental Congress to reconcile with Britain
-rejected by King George III
-pushed colonies toward independence -
-British law
-declared American colonies in rebellion
-cut off all trade -
-Congress was divided
-one group of delegates, mainly from New England, thought the colonies should declare their independence
-another group, mainly from middle colonies, hoped conflict could be resolved by new relationship w/ Great Britain -
-conflict began with battles of lexington and concord
-led to declaration of independence -
-Thomas Gage sent large force to seize colonia military supplies in town of Concord
-warned of the British march by Paul Revere and William Dawes
-militia of Lexington assembled on the village green to face British
-Americans forced to retreat
-British entered Concord, destroyed military supplies -
-battle between opposing armies on outskirts of Boston
-colonial militia of Massachusetts farmers fortified Breed's Hill
-British force attacked colonists' position and took the hill -
-drafted mainly by Thomas Jefferson
-declared independence from Britain
-outlined natural rights
-justified revolution against tyranny -
-turning point battle
-American victory
-convinced France to ally with colonies
-crucial military and financial support -
-final major battle of Revolutionary war
-Cornwallis surrendered to Washington
-ending the conflict -
-1st governing document of U.S.
-created weak central government
-led to economic and political instability -
-signed by various belligerents
-britain recognize existence of the U.S. as independent nation
-Mississippi river would be western boundary of that nation
-americans would have fishing rights off coast of canada
-americans pay debts owed to British merchants
-americans honor loyalists claims for property confiscated during war -
-proposal at Constitutional Convention
-equal representation of states in Congress
-regardless of population
-favored small states -
-Constitutional proposal by Madison
-favored representation in congress
-based on population
-favored large states -
-series of essays
-written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay
-supported ratification of Constitution
-argued for strong central government with checks + balances -
-stabilize new economy
-assumption of state debts
-creation of a national bank
-excise taxes
-protective tariffs to encourage industry -
-first 10 amendments to the Constitution
-guaranteed individual liberties and protections against government power
-demanded by anti federalists -
-uprising in western Pennsylvania
-against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey
-washington sent troops to assert federal authority -
-between U.S. and Britain
-resolve lingering issues after Revolution
-unpopular
-helped prevent war -
-treaty with Spain
-gave Americans access to Mississippi River
-right of deposit in New Orleans
-boosted western expansion -
-passed under John Adams
-restricted immigration
-criminalize criticism of the government
-unpopular
-seen as violating 1st amendment -
-written by Jefferson and Madison
-responded to Alien and Sedition Acts
-argued that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws -
-undeclared naval conflict between U.S. and France
-stemming from French anger over Jay's Treaty and XYZ affair -
-peaceful transfer of power from federalists to democratic republicans
-marked test of new constitutional system