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Major Political Events in Cuba from the War of Independence to the first year of The Revolution.
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Insurgent Cubans meet at Jimaguayu and elect Salvador Cisneros Betancourt as President of the Republic-at-arms
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The countryside peasants were told to evacuate to concentration camps with only what they could carry on their back. A significant amount of the Cuban population died (numbers disputed, highest end is around 20%).
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Forced into the Cuban constitution, the Platt amendment grants the U.S. the right to intervene to protect life and property and avoid states of lawlessness or anarchy.
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By a vote of 16 to 11 with 4 abstentions.
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He had been an organizer with Mart of the Cuban Revolutionary Party in New York. He ran unopposed, the other candidate dropped out due to having no representation in election boards that would certify results.
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Cuba and the U.S. sign 3 treaties.
1. A reciprocity treaty, 20% discount on Cuban agricultural exports for 20%-40% reduction on tariffs for a wide variety of U.S. imports.
2. Platt amendment as a permanent, formal treaty.
3. Bahia Honda and Guantanamo leased to the U.S. for naval bases. -
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The government, unable to defeat it, requests intervention from the United States.
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A provisional government under a second American appointed consul rules Cuba until 1909.
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His term will be from 1908-1912
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Afro-Cubans launch a rebellion in the Orient protesting socio-economic differences. It is brutally repressed. The United States lands troops to protect North American property.
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His term will be 1912-1916
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Liberals organize an insurrection, United States undertakes armed intervention in the regions of disorder and maintains a military presence in the eastern third of Cuba until 1922.
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The first 3 years of the Zayas administration are under the direct control of U.S. special envoy Enoch H. Crowder due to political and economic problems
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From February to March the price of sugar skyrockets, reaching 22.5 cents. It collapses to 3.7 cents in December. Cuban economy plunges into disarray.
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Veterans and other political agitators protest socio-economic conditions in Cuba.
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It is under the leadership of communist firebrand student, Julio Antonio Mella.
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1924-1928
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This occurs at the Third National Labor Congress, CNOC stands for Confederación Nacional Obrera de Cuba.
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Carlos Mendieta leads disaffected liberals to launch the Asociacion Union Nacionalista.
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DEU stands for Direction Estudiantil Universitario.
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This exacerbated the economic conditions on the island.
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Mario Garcia Menocal, President from 1912-1920 and Liberal Carlos Mendieta launch a failed armed uprising against Machado at Gibara in Eastern Cuba.
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First national union of sugar workers.
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The worsening political crisis prompts the U.S. organize mediation between Machado and his opposition.
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Carlos Manuel de Cespedes installed as President in a semi-military coup.
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A new provisional government headed by Dr. Ramon Grau San Martin comes to power- this is known as the 100 days government and it is progressive, initiating a wide range of social, economic, and political reforms.
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He installs Carlos Mendieta as president.
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In February and March massive strikes almost overthrow the government. Batista suppresses them brutally.
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Radical leader and part of the 100 days government, he dies in a gun battle with the Cuban army.
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Facing intense pressure from political opposition he is replaced by his secretary of state, Jose A. Barnet.
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Batista works with his allies to secure his ouster because of his opposition to the army's bid to take over rural education. Federico Laredo Bru, his VP, serves the balance of the four year term.
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In return, it agrees to support Batista for president.
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He does so after a national radio address. In his final speech he warns of the decay of democratic institutions and predicts return of military rule.
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Through a military coup he seizes power and ousts the administration, ending constitutional government in Cuba.
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The attack fails, survivors are sentenced to 15 year prison terms.
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From Mexico he will organize armed resistance as the leader of a newly organized 26th of July Movement, named after his attack on Moncada.
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He establishes operations in the Sierra Maestra mountains of southeastern Cuba.
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More than 200 officers are implicated in the conspiracy.
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Fidel attacks a rural guard post at La Plata in the Sierra Maestra foothills, succeeds.
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After an attempt to kill Batista by assaulting the palace fails, leader of the Directorio Revolucionario, Echeverria, is gunned down in the street.
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Leads to a temporary seizure of the local naval station before control is regained.
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This is in the northern Oriente province.
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The attempt by the 26th of July movement to topple the government through a general strike fails.
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This operation fails, and the Guerilla columns mount a counteroffensive into the central provinces.
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Fearing a military coup led by general Eulogio Cantillo, Batista decides to leave Cuba.
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Over the course of 1960 a number of organizations are founded, including the militia, the committees for the defense of the revolution (CDRs), Federation of Cuban Women (FMC), Association of Young Rebels (AJR), National Organization of Small Peasants (ANAP)
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Between August and October, additional properties are seized, including banks, utilities, railroads, hotels, sugar mills, and factories.
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This is a national campaign to eliminate illiteracy.
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Some 1,200 expeditionaries are taken prisoner.