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Beginning: Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia
Ending: Armistice on the Western Front -
The Allies meet at Versailles to discuss and implement terms of peace for the former Central Powers. Even though Germany believed that the war ended with a cease-fire, they are forced to accept punitive measures levied by the Allies. Some nationalist movements are recognized when the Allies see an opportunity to punish former empires like Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary (e.g., the creation of Poland, Finland, Baltic states, and Czechoslovakia).
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Nguyen Ai Quoc (Ho Chi Minh) and other Vietnamese nationalists in Paris send a telegram to U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing asking for his recognition of an independent Vietnam. They are ignored. European nationalism was recognized following World War I, but not those people living under colonial European control.
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Originally founded by Ho Chi Minh as the Vietnamese Communist Party, the ICP sought the independence for all of Indochina through Marxist/Leninist ideology.
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Beginning: Britain & France's declaration of war against Germany
Ending: V-E Day -
In an effort to cut off southern China, gain access to the Dutch East Indies, and take Vietnamese rubber, the Japanese invade the state of Tonkin.
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Initially formed six years earlier in China, the Viet Minh revived under Ho Chi Minh and Le Duan. Several months later, the Viet Minh mobilized to oppose Japanese occupation with the help of Nationalist China and the United States.
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In preparation for their invasion of the Dutch East Indies, 140,000 Japanese troops occupy the southern Vietnamese states of Annam and Cochinchina.
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Beginning: U.S. declaration of war against Japan
Ending: Japanese acceptance of Allied terms of surrender -
While Japanese officials turned over Indochina to the French and local Viet Minh, Ho Chi Minh was able to convince Bao Dai to give up his throne and take a position within Ho's provisional government in Hanoi
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Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence, Ho Chi Minh claimed Vietnamese independence from France on V-J Day. Ho hoped that the United States would support Vietnamese nationalism.
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In an attempt to negotiate Vietnamese self-rule, Ho Chi Minh meets with the French government. When Ho proposes complete Vietnamese independence, the French reject it. When Ho drafts a Vietnamese constitution anyway, the French go to war against the Viet Minh.
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Beginning: George F. Kennan's "Long Telegram" about Soviet attitudes and intentions for communist expansion
Ending: Collapse of the Soviet Union and creating of the Commonwealth of Independent States -
After conflict broke out between the French and Viet Minh regarding control of Haiphong harbor, the French navy opens fire on downtown Haiphong resulting in 6,000 civilian deaths. The Viet Minh then fled the city
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Following the Haiphong Incident, Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh declare war on the French Union. This is the official beginning of the First Indochina War
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Beginning: French refusal to grant Vietnamese independence
Ending: surrender of French expeditionary troops at Dien Bien Phu -
Bao Dai and the French government agree to greater Vietnamese autonomy, but fall short of full independence. The French hope to gain U.S. support in their war against the Viet Minh by improving Vietnam's status as a colonial subject.
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In an effort to counteract the Viet Minh, the French government establishes a weak Vietnamese national government with quasi-independence. The abdicated emperor Bao Dai is made its head of state.
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Truman sends the Military Assistance Advisory Group to Indochina to provide military advice to the French and monitor how the $10 million in U.S. aid was being used in the conflict against the Viet Minh. U.S. military aid was improperly used and advice largely ignored by the French until the Viet Minh all but won the war.
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Pursuant to the Truman Doctrine in Europe, President Truman provides the French with $10 million in military aid in their fight against the largely communist Viet Minh. This action was largely influenced by the capture of nearby Hainan island by the Communist Chinese.
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In an effort to rally congressional support for U.S. military aid for the French war against the Viet Minh, President Eisenhower likens the possibility of Indochina falling to communism like a series of dominoes. The "loss of Indochina, of Burma, of Thailand, of the [Malay] Peninsula, and Indonesia" would eventually threaten even Japan due to the loss of the Southeast Asian market for Japanese goods. Eisenhower's domino comparison would become a working metaphor for US foreign policy in Asia.
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A multilateral conference held in Geneva, Switzerland in order to resolve issues resulting from the ends of the Korean and Indochinese conflicts.
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Besieged by the Viet Minh for almost two months, the French Far East Expeditionary Corps surrenders. The unsettling news topples the French government and its replacement orders an immediate French withdrawal from Indochina.
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The international agreement creates a four-state solution in Indochina, separating Vietnam into two states divided by a demilitarized zone. Both states are forbidden from seeking military alliances, but both do. A unifying Vietnamese election slated for 1955 never occurs - the South and United States refuse to take part in an election that favored Ho to win.
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As delineated in the Geneva Accords, this 300-day grace period permits the movement of communist, non-communist, and Catholic Vietnamese citizens across the 17th Parallel and a cessation of hostilities.
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The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization is created to stem the expansion of communism into South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. The regional equivalent to NATO, SEATO is established to discourage communist aggression through multilateral/mutual defense and American funding for national defense.
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During the 300-day migration period under the Geneva Accords, the U.S. Navy supports the French Air Force and Navy in its evacuation of non-communists, Catholics, and war refugees from North Vietnam. Over 310,000 individuals are relocated, providing a propaganda tool for the U.S. support of the South.
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In a clearly fraudulent national vote, Ngo Dinh Diem claims a 98.9% victory over Bao Dai. According to the referendum, the South Vietnamese choose a republic over keeping Bao Dai as their head of state. In some areas, tallied votes exceeded the population of registered voters.
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Beginning: first U.S. military advisers sent to support ARVN
Ending: collapse of the South Vietnamese government -
In an effort to win support in rural areas with strong Viet Minh/NLF sympathies, Diem's regime fortifies peasant villages and provides military and economic support. This program ultimately fails due to corruption and alienation of peasants who were forced from their homes.
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After the Diem regime invoked an obscure 1958 banning the display of religious flags on the Buddha's birthday (Vesak), Buddhist protesters took to the streets of Hue on May 8th. South Vietnamese police and soldiers broke up the protest with gunfire and grenades, killing nine people.
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In spite of Diem's ban on public assemblies, 500 Buddhist monks sneak into Saigon on fully-loaded buses and stage a four-hour sit-down protest in front of the National Assembly building. This is coordinated with a 48-hour hunger strike of Buddhist priests across South Vietnam. This is the first large-scale protest of its kind levied directly against Diem.
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During a protest by Buddhist monks who opposed Diem's religious persecution, South Vietnamese troops poured liquid tear gas chemicals on the heads of the praying monks. 67 individuals were hospitalized. The U.S. threatened to withdraw support for Diem's government and eventually did reduce aid instead. The South Vietnamese military interpreted the U.S. response as tacit approval for a coup against Diem.
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In a dramatic protest against the Diem regime, Mahayana Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc lights himself on fire in front of the Cambodian embassy in Saigon. This act occurs shortly after nine Buddhists were killed by government troops and a ban was placed on flying Buddhist flags during a holiday. Images of the self-immolation results in tremendous political pressure for Diem to reform his treatment of Buddhists.
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Members of Ngo Dinh Nhu's secret police attack several American journalists who were reporting on the Buddhist protests during the ninth anniversary of Diem's rise to power. One reporter was punched in the nose and another was later detained and questioned by police for allegedly assaulting them.
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Over 15,000 Buddhist protesters against the Diem government gathered at the Xa Loi Pagoda in Saigon for an emotional and religious demonstration. As a result of the mass gathering, Diem imposed martial law in Saigon three days later.
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In response to the mass protest three days earlier, Ngo Dinh Nhu orders ARVN Special Forces to raid Buddhists pagodas throughout South Vietnam. 1,400 Buddhists are arrested and hundreds others are presumed killed. South Vietnamese forces also confiscate the heart of Thich Quang Duc inside the Xa Loi pagoda. The government raids are the final straw for the Kennedy Administration, the latter becoming more receptive to a removal of Diem from power.
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In response to the Diem's failure to resolve his conflict with South Vietnamese Buddhists, the U.S. State Department sends a telegram to U.S. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. to order him to advise Diem to replace his brother Nhu, and support an alternate national leader if Diem himself refused to do so. The South Vietnamese military perceived the new American policy as tacit approval for a coup against Diem.
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As domestic support for Diem eroded in the early 1960s, the South Vietnamese military inquired about the U.S. Government's view of potentially removing Diem from power. Following the State Department's infamous Cable 243 telegram, South Vietnamese military leaders decided that the U.S. would support their overthrow of Diem.
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Following protests against his refusal to hold elections and persecution of Buddhists, the South Vietnamese military led a coup to oust Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu.
