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Ho Chi Minh establishes the Vietminh (League for Vietnamese Independance). It was originally formed to seek Vietnam's independence from France, and later on it opposed South Vietnam and the United States in the Vietnam War.
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Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnamese independence from the French and creates the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV).
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40,000 heavily armed Vietminh lay siege to the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu. The Vietminh used artillery to bomb the airstrip and make it impossible for French supplies to arrive by air. After this defeat, the French lose their resolve to carry on the war and begin to withdraw from Indochina.
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The Geneva Accords officially ended the war in Indochina. It allowed for the peaceful withdrawal of the French from Vietnam and provided a temporary boundary between North and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel. The United States did not accept the agreement.
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Ngo Dinh Diem becomes the new president and the Republic of Vietnam (RVN) is established. U.S. President Eisenhower promises to support Diem with military aid.
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North Vietnam forms Group 559, a specialized army unit, to create a supply route from North Vietnam to Vietcong forces in South Vietnam. North Vietnam begins sending men and weapons into South Vietnam through the trail. The Trail becomes a strategic target for future military attacks.
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The National Liberation Front (NLF), also called the Viet Cong, is established in South Vietnam. It is a Communist-sponsored organization that trains Viet Cong guerillas.
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The U.S. military spray large areas of forest with Agent Orange, a deadly herbicide, as a part of Operation Ranchhand. The goal is to clear vegetation to make it more difficult for the Vietcong to conceal themselves. Guerrilla trails and base areas are exposed and crops are destroyed.
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Diem is overthrown and killed during a military coup. The coup took place with the approval of the United States. Since Diem was unpopular, the U.S. hoped that by overthrowing him, it would strengthen the opposition to the Viet Cong.
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On August 2, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked the Maddox, an American destroyer in the international waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. A second attack on a destroyer took place on August 4. This led to retaliatory U.S. air strikes.
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In response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, the U.S. Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorizes President Lyndon Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." The Resolution gives Johnson war-making powers in Vietnam.
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Johnson authorizes sustained American bombing raids against North Vietnam. It was scheduled to last eight weeks but the continuous air raids went on for three years. The aim was to force North Vietnam to stop supporting the Vietcong in the South.
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3,500 marines, the first U.S. combat troops, arrive in South Vietnam.
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The first major battle of the Vietnam War was a victory for the United States. Ground forces, artillery, ships and air support allow the U.S. forces to successfully capture Vietcong positions and rout Communist forces.
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The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong launch the Tet Offensive, attacking one hundred cities and towns across South Vietnam, including its capital, Saigon. The large-scale attack catches the US military off guard, but they managed to push them back and recapture most areas. Militarily, it was a defeat for the Communists, but politically, it was a victory. The US military's assessment of the war is questioned and the end of the war seemed far off.
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Hundreds of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians were murderd by a unit of the U.S. Army in the town of My Lai. All of the victims were civilians and most were women, children, and elderly people. Many were raped, beaten, and tortured. When news of the massacre surfaces, it sent shockwaves through the already divided American public, who saw this as another sign of the immorality of the war.
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Ho Chi Minh dies of a heart attack in Hanoi at the age of 79.
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Nixon announces the policy of "Vietnamization". The objective is to turn over the responsibility of defeating the Communists onto the South Vietnamese and away from the United States, eventually enabling the United States to gradually withdraw all their soldiers from Vietnam.
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The New York Times begins the publication of the Pentagon Papers, which are secret defense documents that revealed the White House's decisions regarding the Vietnam War. The Papers revealed that the U.S. had deliberately expanded the war by the bombing of Cambodia and Laos and coastal raids on North Vietnam.
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The North Vietnamese crossed the demilitarized zone at the 17th parallel and attacked South Vietnam. North Vietnam aimed to gain as much territory and destroy as many South Vietnamese units as possible. In retaliation, Nixon ordered the mining of North Vietnamese harbors and authorized a massive bombing campaign.
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Operation Linebacker was from May 9 to October 23, 1972. It was the first continuous bombing effort conducted against North Vietnam since President Johnson's bombing halt. The purpose was to halt or slow the transportation of supplies and materials.
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American B-52s and fighter-bombers dropped over 20,000 tons of bombs on Hanoi and Haiphong. The bombings forced the North Vietnamese back to the negotiating table.
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Paris Peace Accords are signed, officially ending U.S. involvement in the war.
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The last American combat troops leave South Vietnam, officially ending the war for the United States.
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North Vietnam launches a long-planned offensive against South Vietnam. The resulting South Vietnamese retreat is chaotic and nearly 60,000 troops are dead or missing.
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Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, is captured by North Vietnam. South Vietnamese President Duong Van Minh broadcats an unconditional surrender. This marked the end of the Vietnam War and lead to the reunification of Vietnam into a communist state.
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Vietnam is unified as a communist country, and becomes the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
