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Restored to the French throne after Napoleon, tried to balance monarchy with some liberal reforms.
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Final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte by British and Prussian forces, ending the Napoleonic Wars.
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A diplomatic meeting of European powers to restore monarchies and balance of power after Napoleon’s defeat.
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Last Bourbon monarch; his conservative policies led to the July Revolution.
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Belgium declared independence from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands following a nationalist uprising.
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Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire after a long war supported by Britain, France, and Russia.
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Known as the “Citizen King,” he came to power after Charles X and was overthrown during the 1848 Revolution.
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A German customs union led by Prussia that promoted economic unity and paved the way for political unification.
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A wave of liberal and nationalist revolts across Europe demanding democracy and national independence.
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Established after the 1848 revolution; it introduced universal male suffrage and elected Louis-Napoleon president.
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Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte established an authoritarian regime and modernized France after a coup.
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A short period of progressive liberal reforms in Spain under the reign of Isabella II.
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Key Franco-Piedmontese victories against Austria that advanced the unification of northern Italy.
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Giuseppe Garibaldi led the Redshirts to victory in southern Italy, crucial for Italian unification.
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First king of a unified Italy, symbolizing national unity under a constitutional monarchy.
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Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of Schleswig and Holstein, increasing German influence.
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Also called the Seven Weeks’ War; Prussia defeated Austria and excluded it from German affairs.
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Conflict between France and Prussia; led to the fall of Napoleon III and the unification of Germany.
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King of Prussia crowned Emperor of Germany after victory over France in Versailles.