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The British had previously retreated from Boston in March 1776, moving the theater of war to the Middle states.As part of a grand plan to stop rebellion by isolating New England, the British decided to seize New York City.
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Brothers, General William and Admiral Richard Howe joined forces on State Island and sailed into New York harbor in the summer of 1776 with the largest British expeditionary force ever assemble- 32,000 soldiers, including German troops called Hessians.
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Washington railed his troop of 23,000 men to New York's defense but is defeated do to Washing's troops not only being outnumbered by the British but also but also do to the lack of proper training and equipment. Washington troops retreated as well as suffering a have lost on men.
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By late fall the British had pushed Washington's army across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. During this process a total of 8,000 were left after either soldiers had deserted themselves or have been killed or captured by British soldiers.
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During the night of Christmas in 1776 Washington risked everything by leading 2,400 of his soldiers down to the Delaware River in small boats. By 8 o'clock the next morning his men had travel 9 miles to Trenton in New Jersey to confront Hessian troops that held it. In a surprise attack the Americans killed 30 Hessians took 918 Hessian captives as well as 9 of their cannons. The Americans were able to do so do to the fact that the Hessians were suffering from a hangover from the previous night.
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December 31, 1776 was the date in which Washington's soldiers were able to leave the battle. This of course brought stress onto Washington because without a win the soldiers would leave the battle without a doubt. Scoring a win would maintain the soldiers and encourage them to continue in the fight for independence.
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Eight days after the Americans success at Trenton, they were also able successful on the take of British station at Princeton. This event was significant because it got American rallied, with this victories Washington was able to march his army into winter camp near Morristown, in northern New Jersey.
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General Howe began his campaign to seize the American capital at Philadelphia during the spring of 1777. Howe's troops sailed from New York to the head of Chesapeake Bay and landed near the capital by late August. Continental Army fled the city when they failed to block the British near by Brandywine Creek. The British ended up taking Philadelphia .
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Battle was between Burgoyne (British) vs. the American troops of Gates, Ethan Allen Green men, and Benedict Arnold. Burgoyne plan was to get to New York city to unit armies with Howes and other General and to take New England. However on the way there, Ethan's Green men attacked Burgoyne men on the way to NY and once Burgoyne men got to NY, Gates troops, with the help of Benedict Arnold finished Burgoyne since he didn't get backup from the rest of the British who didn't show up
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Valley Forge was located outside Philadelphia served as the site of the Continental Army's camp during the winter of 1777-1776. Valley Forge marks as the lowest point for General Washington's troops do to the fact the Washington's troops suffered from frostbites,disease, lack of resources as they struggle to survive the harsh winter at campsite Valley Forge.December 19, 1777–June 18, 1778
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Since the French were still bitter with the British do to the French and Indian war the French had secretly helped the Americans by sending weapons since 1776. After the victory in Saratoga it proved to the French that they could trust the Americans. The French recognize the Americans as independent and in February 1778 the French signed a treaty/alliance with the Americas in which terms France agreed not to make peace with Britain unless they also recognized the Americans independence.
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Around the same time Marquis de Lafayette a 20 year old French aristocrat, offered his assistance to Washington. Marquis de Lafayette joined Washington's staff and suffered in Valley Forge just like all soldiers did. Marquis de Lafayette was also able to talk to his people the french to help and support the American Revolution. Around the same time Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben a Prussian captain and talented drillmaster, volunteered his services to General Washington.
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By the midst of the winter at Valley Forte the American Troops started to go from a caterpillar to the transformation to a butterfly. Friedrich von Steuben a Prussian captain and a great drillmaster, volunteered his service to General Washington.Von Steuben started to help the American troops get discipline and thought them drill that would become an affective fighting force against British.
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After the defeat at Saratoga , the British change their military strategy by shifting their focus to the South is the summer of 1778. By moving South the British hoped to rally Loyalist support and reclaimed their former colonies in the region and gradually fight their way back to the North
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A the end of 1778, a British expeditions down South easily took Savannah, Georgia. And by the spring 1779, a royal governor regain command of Georgia.
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in 1779 Lafayette lobbied for French reinforcements in France in 1779. This would help American army win the fight against the British.
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For most of 1780, Cornwallis succeeded. As the redcoats advanced, they were joined by thousands of African American who had escaped from Patriot slave owners and joined British who promised their freedom.
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In 1780, The French had a arrived in Newport, Rhode Island after the British had left that area in their expedition South. The French then stationed a fleet in Newport as well as in the West Indies. Also suggestion on combining forces of French and Americans armies plus the fleets that were at play and take Cornwallis down.
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In 1780, General Henry Clinton replaced General Howe in New York and joined with general Charles Cornwallis and moved their 8,500 soldiers down South.
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In their greates victory of the war, British managed to capture Charles Town the port city of the Americans.British were also able to take 5,500 American soldiers as prisoners. Clinton then left Cornwallis to command British forces in the South and to conquer North Carolina.
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Cornwallis's army smashed American forces commanded by Nathanael Greene. In result British took Camden and within 3 month Redcoats established forts across the state. Although when Cornwallis was moving up to North Carolina his troops were attacked by Patriot bands who cut British communication lines forcing them to retreat to South Carolina.
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Washington ordered Nathanael Greene to send his troops down to harass Cornwallis in their retreat to South Carolina. Greene then slip his forces in two and send one group under the command of General Daniel Morgan to do the job. In response Cornwallis send Lt. Banastre Tarleton in pursue of Morgan's soldiers. In January at Cowpens in South Carolina forces met, and American ended up winning although they were outnumbered. Tarleton soldiers then surrendered and cause British movement to slow down.
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In 1781, the Congress appointed a rich Philadelphian merchant named Robert Morris as superintendent of finance. His assistance was Haym Salomon, a Jewish politician refugee from Poland. Both men men begged and borrowed on there personal credit to raise money to provide salaries for the Continental Army.
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Bitter from the defeat at Cowpens, Cornwallis attacked Greene two months later and won. However this messed up his army because he during this battle he lost fourth of his troops, making him weak.
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After the encounter with Cornwallis, Greene worried about the fight for the South and writes to Lafayette asking for help. Meanwhile Cornwallis choose to move his remaining of soldiers to Virginia where he met up with reinforcements. Cornwallis tried to defeat von Steuben and Lafayette's troops but failed and then led the last of his mean to the peninsula between the James and York rives and camped at Yorktown. Cornwallis plan from there was to then join with Clinton's forces.
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After the efforts of Morris and Salomon raising money for the American troops, September 8 1781 the American troops were finally able to get paid by either specie or gold coins.
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After the Americans and French plus their fleet join, they cornered Cornwallis in the peninsula between James and York rivers. French naval defeated the British fleets and blocked entrance on British in the opening of Chesapeake Bay cutting Cornwallis emergency escape. In the other hand, on land the French and American troops of 17,000 soldiers surrounded and bombarded Cornwallis men for three week until in October 17 Cornwallis surrendered.
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Colonel William Fontaine of the Virginia militia stood with the American and French armies lining a road near Yorktown, Virginia on the afternoon of October 19, 1781 to witness the formal British surrender.
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At Paris, representatives of the four nations USA, Great Britain, French, and Spain joined the negotiation with each other and discus their interests. The United Staes wanted the full independence from the British, but they wanted to avoid giving full independence to US. French wanted Americans to get independence however they feared US would get too powerful. And at last Spain wanted the lands between the Mississippi river and the Appalachian Mountains.
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Treaty officially ended the Revolutionary War. It was signed in Paris by Benjamin Franklin,John Adams,& John Jay. Treaty's term were that Britain recognized the independence of the Americans and also agreed to remove their troops from their nation. The treaty also set new borders for the United States; from Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi river & from Canada to Florida. United States agreed to allow British to collect owned debts from colonist, allowed them to sue in court for recovering losses.
