-
The nation of islam
The Nation of Islam was created in 1930 in the US, and it identifies its own group as a form of Islam even though it doesn't share many of the Islamic ideals. Its goal is to improve the lives and circumstances of black people, such as social, economic, and spiritual conditions. It focuses on black nationalism (a movement to improve the lives of black people and create a sense of community) and the African diaspora ( The scattering of African culture into different parts), it never really ended. -
Cash and carry policy
Policy announced by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1939 that stated they were essentially replacing the Neutrality Act of 1937, which was in place to prevent the U.S from entering another war by lessening trade with countries at war. This new policy claimed countries could only buy non-military products from the U.S. as long as they paid immediately in cash and transported the supplies themselves, which means they also took responsibility for said supplies once it left the hands of the U.S. -
Kristallnacht
A nazi led porgrom (a violent riot to massacre or expel an ethnic group, usually Jews) in Germany 1938. On this night 30,000 jewish men were taken to concentation camps, this was the first nazis arrested a large group of jews for no reason. During the riots, hundreds of homes, businesses, and synagogs were destroyed, as well as tormenting innocent jews by public humiliation, sexual assault, and over 100 deaths. This lasted two nights November 9th to the 10th of 1938 -
Appeasement
The 1930's british policy set in place by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain that allowed nazi germnay to gain power in exchange for avoiding conflict. But this ended in 1939 because Hitler broke the agreement when Germany invaded Poland, and Britain was at war. -
Japanese internment camps
Two months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, in 1942, Roosevelt went through with Order 9066, which caused Japanese internment camps to be created. Because of discriminatory suspicions by the government, the war department thought Japanese Americans would commit espionage, so the government forcefully relocated 120,000 people to camps in the western U.S between 1942-1946. The camps were run relatively humanely, and people who proved to be "loyal Americans" were allowed to leave to get jobs. -
Brown v. Board of Education
The Supreme Court justice Earl Warren stated that the segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th Amendment (due process, meaning states cannot discriminate against citizens and must treat them fairly) and that segregation was unconstitutional. Many were enraged by this new law and resisted, but those of the civil rights movement rejoiced because of this monumental step towards equality and education for all. -
The little rock 9
Nine black children from the south were the first to integrate Little Rock Central High School. Even after segregation in public schools was illegal, on the first day of school, they weren't let in, and they had to leave. Finally, after 22 days of trying and being face-to-face with angry mobs, they were finally able to go to school because of the protection by the national guard and army troops sent by President Eisenhower. And Ernest Green became the first black person to graduate from Central -
Bay of pigs invasion
The CIA's attempt to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. After Fidel Castro took over the Cuban government (a U.S ally) and began getting closer to the USSR, President Eisenhower directed the CIA to get rid of Castro. The US trained Cuban exiles in secret and had them attack Cuba through the Bay of Pigs, but they were met by 20 thousand of Castro's men, and after repeated failed and embarrassing attempts over two days, the battle was done, and over 100 of the captured men were killed. -
The freedom riders
The freedom riders were a civil rights movement, protesting the segregation of bus terminals in the "Jim Crow South". A mix of white and black activists who pushed against casual segregation by using facilities marked for whites only, such as bathrooms, lunch counters, and bus stops. They were often arrested or faced brutality by the police or white protestors. They successfully brought attention to their cause and were able to get rid of bus segregation in the South in the same year, 1961. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 - Political
Although the 15th Amendment “removed discrimination” from the voting process, there was still blatant racist behavior. The 1965 Act made voting discrimination illegal (mainly towards black people). Voting discrimination wasn't limited to any area, but it was most common in the South. And more specifically, this act got rid of literacy tests (which were less of tests of intelligence, more to be purposely impossible to pass) and voting fines, the main voting barriers for people of color. -
Malcolm X
Malcom x was born in 1925 in Nebraska. he grew up in a poor family, and later he and his siblings were sent to foster homes. He dropped out of school early and got into legal trouble. When he was in prison from 1946-1952, he joined the Nation of Islam and dedicated time to his education. He took a more confrontational and aggressive stance on the civil rights movement. He was assassinated in 1965 while giving a lecture, and 3 people of the Nation of Islam were convicted of his murder. -
Jim Crow Laws - Social
Southern laws in the 1800s and 1900s (1828-1968) were designed to segregate by race, which created large social barriers for people of color. The laws were named after a white actor who was known for performing in blackface, which became the face of the Jim Crow laws as a mockery of black power and culture. The “laws” include segregation of schools, workplaces, and denying voting rights to people of color. Any retaliation against Jim Crow laws was punished with fines, jail time, and violence. -
Martin Luther King Jr (MLK)
MLK was born in Atlanta in 1929, going through hardships all through his early life, such as discrimination. he did 10 years of education after High School. He met his future wife and later 4 children. Later, he embarked on his civil rights journey that would lead him to be a face of the movement with actions like his speech at the March on Washington and his other protests. At 35, he was the youngest man to get a Nobel Peace Prize. And he was assassinated in his motel after a protest in 1968. -
Watergate scandal - Legal
A group broke into the Watergate building, was found with wiretapping equipment, and was arrested. After interrogation and a bad cover-up from the whitehouse they were found to be involved with President Nixon and his campaign. In an investigation, they found he was wiretapping, recording, and spying on political officials to find who was leaking secrets of the Vietnam War. He then resigned in 1974. A part of history now known for its political corruption and breach of public trust in America. -
Vietnam War
The decade-long war between North and South Vietnam that considered a significant engagement in the Cold War. -
Black panther party
Founded in California in 1966, the black panther party was created as a way to protect black citizens and fight for rights, and was often run by women. Being disappointed in the progression of the civil rights movement, they used a more direct approach rather than that of nonviolent protests. They supported their communities in countless ways, by providing food, health care, even creating freedom schools(that are still around today), and so much more. They officially ended in 1982 -
Soviet Afghan war
The proxy war during the time of the Cold War that started in 1979 to 1989. Started because the soviet Union sent soldiers to support the communist government in Afghanistan. On the U.S side, the mujahideen fought against communism ,which is what made it a proxy war -
Communism
Communism is said to have started in 1848 and was created by Karl Marx, who wrote the communist Manifesto. Communism's effort is to get rid of social classes, and everything is owned by the public, meaning there is no private property, and wealth is divided amongst the people. Although communism was a relatively popular system, there are few modern examples, the biggest being China and North Korea. The soviet union, the most infamous communist country, ended its regime in 1989. -
Reunification of Germany - Geography
A misprint on a broadcast news report that East Germans got unlimited entry to West Germany instead of saying they needed an exit visa. The conflict between the West and East was because Berlin was split after WW2 into Western capitalism vs Eastern communism. In 1989, the wall came down, which was the end of the division and did only positive things for Berlin, like improving their economy, way of life, and they now commemorate October 3rd as the Day of German Unity. -
Iron curtain
The Iron Curtain was a political, physical, and metaphorical border that split Europe into two areas at the end of WW2 in 1945 and was there until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The east side of the line was Communist countries or ones ties to the Soviet Union, and on the West side were the 32 members of NATO ( national Atlantic Treaty Organization). The downfall of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the Iron Curtain's use. -
The fall of the Soviet union- Economics
When the Soviet Union elected its first president in 1990, things only went downhill from there, They lost the nuclear standoff to the US. President Reagan cut them off from export sales and oil, their people and economy were suffering, and they wanted a regime change. They couldn't keep their large economy and military, so instead of going to war, Gorbachev made a speech on Dec 25th, 1991, saying “We are now living in a new world,” and he stepped down, which marked the end of the Soviet Union. -
Proxy war
A proxy war is a war that takes place between two parties where one or both sides aren't actually fighting. The most famous examples of this is the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the soviet union, and the U.S conflict. There no real end date for the end of the proxy wars but the most relative date is the end of the cold war which was 1991. -
Nuclear Arms race - Technology
The competition between the U.S and the Soviet Union to develop the best nuclear weapons. It began during ww2, although they were once allies, neither spared any expense working on these weapons. After the U.S bombed Hiroshima without telling the USSR of their plans, the S.U responded by showing they had big bombs too, and the race was on. After race to space that the soviets won, some missile insecurity on the U.S's part, and fear of nuclear war, in 1991 a treaty was signed and peace was made. -
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon was born in 1913 and was the 37th president of the U.S. He was born in California to a poor family and went on to get an extensive education at multiple colleges. In 1942, He moved to Washington, DC with his wife Pat and worked for the federal government. He was elected in 1968 and served for 5 years until he resigned in 1974 after he was found illegally wiretapping and recording conversations in the whitehouse The Supreme Court ruled against him. He then died in 1994. -
Mujahideen
An Afghan militia that fought the soviets in the soviet aphghan war, which was funded by the U.S, and essentially disbanded in 1996. -
9/11
The largest terrorist attack in history, organized by al-Qaeda, that crashed two planes into the World Trade Center, killing 3,000 and injuring hundreds more.