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Portuguese explorers began exploring the coast of Africa leveraging the latest developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology searching for a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade.
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The first consignment of slaves was brought to Lisbon and slave trading soon became one of the most profitable branches of Portuguese commerce Image: http://testament25.blogspot.com/2011/06/islamic-and-european-slavery-very-brief.html
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In 1458, Alcácer Ceguer was taken. In 1471, Arzila and Tangier were captured.
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The Treaty of Alcáçovas, signed in 1479, gave exclusive navigation to Portugal of the sea below the Canary Islands
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Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope and the passage to the Indian Ocean was open, Vasco da Gama reached India, and Pedro Álvares Cabral added Brazil to Portugal's "discoveries."
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The Portuguese Empire was guaranteed by the papal bull of 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas of June 6 1494. These two actions (and related bulls and treaties) divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive duopoly between the Portuguese and the Spanish. As a result, all of Africa and almost all of Asia would belong to Portugal, while almost all of the New World would belong to Spain.
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The Pope's initial proposal of the line was moved a little west by John II, and it was accepted. However, the new line granted Brazil and (thought at that time) Newfoundland to Portugal both in 1500. Dividing of the world between Portugal and Spain. Blue: Treaty of Alcáçovas 1479; Violet: Papal line 1493 and Treaty of Tordesillas 1494; Green: Treaty of Zaragoza 1529. Image: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Portuguese_Empire
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The Portuguese won the sea Battle of Diu against the combined forces of the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II, Sultan of Gujarat, Mamlûk Sultan of Cairo, Samoothiri Raja of Kozhikode, Venetian Republic, and Ragusan Republic (Dubrovnik).
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Fagundes received the captaincy of the lands he discovered and the authorization to build a colony.
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John III organized the colonization of Brazil; That same year, there was a new expedition from Martim Afonso de Sousa with orders to patrol the whole Brazilian coast, banish the French, and create the first colonial towns; With permanent settlement came the establishment of the sugar cane industry and its intensive labor demands which were met with Native American and later African slaves.
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A second Battle of Diu, finally ended Ottoman ambitions in India and confirmed Portuguese hegemony in the Indian Ocean
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Manuel Corte-Real sent 3 ships to colonize his North American land
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The Portuguese crusaders crossed into Morocco and were routed by Ahmed Mohammed of Fez, at the Alcazarquivir (Now Ksar-el-Kebir) also known as "the battle of the Three Kings."
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The Dutch-Portuguese War began (1602-1663). The result of the war was that Portugal won in South America (Dutch Brazil) and Africa with the Recapture of Angola, and the Dutch were the victors in the Far East and South Asia.
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The Portuguese won a significant victory in the Second Battle of Guararapes, the Netherlands had surrendered and returned control of all Brazilian land to the Portuguese, and the Portuguese offered Bombay and Tangier to England as part of a dowry
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The Inconfidência Mineira, or Brazilian independence movement, failed.
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Portuguese Empire of 1810 Image: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Portuguese_Empire
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Brazil was elevated to the status of Kingdom, the Portuguese state officially becoming the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
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Brazil's independence was achieved Image: http://photo.elsoar.com/wp-content/images/independence-day-Brazil.jpg
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Portugal had lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. Portuguese territories eventually included the modern nations of Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique. In the wake of World War II, the decolonization movements began to gain momentum.
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Portuguese India came to an end when Goa, Daman and Diu were also invaded.
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The cost and unpopularity of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974), in which Portugal attempted to subdue the emerging nationalist movements in its African colonies, eventually led to collapse of the Salazar regime in 1974
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In 1974, East Timor also declared independence at this time, but was almost immediately invaded by neighboring Indonesia, which occupied it until 1999. A United Nations-sponsored referendum that year resulted in East Timoreans choosing independence for the small country, which was achieved in 2002.
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The handover of Macau to China, in 1999, under the terms of an agreement negotiated between People's Republic of China and Portugal twelve years earlier marked the end of the Portuguese overseas empire.
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The dates represent when the empire lost the territories Image: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Portuguese_Empire
