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Music of the Time Emerges.
Eighteenth-century Europe produced some of the world's most enduring music. Johann Sebastian Bach, who was a renowned organist and composer, spent his entire life in German. He was a music director at the Church of Saint Thomas in Leipzig, and composed his 'Mass in B Minor', and many other works that gave him the reputation of one of the greatest composers. -
Music of the TIme Emerges - Part Two
George Frideric Handel was German, but most of his career was spent in England. He wrote a lot of secular music, but is best known for his religious music. Handel's Messiah is a masterpiece of the highest order, but is called a rare work that appeals to everyone. Handel perfected the baroque musical style. -
New Artistic Style
A new artistic style known a rococo had spread throughout Europe. This Style emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action. It made use of delicate designs colored in gold with graceful curves. This style was highly secular. It spoke of the pursuit of pleasure, happiness, and love. -
Artists of the Time Emerge
Rococo's appeal was visible in Antonie Watteau's work. He painted upper-class pleasure and joy. He also suggests sadness in his paintings by depicting the fragility and passing nature of pleasure, love, and life. His masterpiece, Embarkation for Cythera, shows French rococo at its peak. -
More Artists of the time Emerge.
Giovanni Battista Tiepolo also used a sense of enchantment and enthusiasm. He painted numerous active figures in vivid pastels across vast spaces. Many of his paintings became walls and ceilings of churches and palaces. His masterpiece, Allegory of the Planets and Continents, is across the ceiling of the bishop's residence at Wurzburg. It is the largest ceiling fresco in the world at 7,287 square feet. -
Prussia made a major European power
Caused by Frederick William I and Frederick II. Frederick William I maintained a highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers. They observed the supreme values of obedience, honor, and service to the king. The most important value was service to the king. -
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The Impact of the Enlightenment
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Frederick William doubled the size of the army.
Frederick William's major concern was his army. He worked to enlarge it. It was the fourth-largest army. France, Russia, and Austria were above it. His army had a reputation as one of the best in Europe. -
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Frederick makes changes.
Frederick enlarged the army also, by actively recruiting the nobility into civil service. He abolished torture except in treason and murder cases. He also granted limited freedom of speech and press. To a point, he created religious tolerance. -
Frederick II of Prussia causes war - War of Austrian Succession
Maria Theresa took reign when her father died without a male heir. This confused many people. Frederick took advantage of this confusion by invading Austrian Silesia. This clearly stated that he did not recognize Maria Theresa as empress of Austria. France entered the war against Austria because that is their traditional enemy. Maria Theresa allied with Great Britain. -
Maria Theresa inherited the throne.
Maria Theresa was an empress. She worked to centralize and strengthen the state. She was not open to the philosophers’ calls for reform. She worked to improve the condition of the Serfs. She had a son, Joseph II. -
Joseph II Fails.
Joseph II is Maria Theresa's son. He belevied in the need to sweep away anything standing in the path of reason. He issued thousands of decrees and laws. His reform program largely failed. Joseph admitted to his failure on his gravestone. -
Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle is made.
The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle guaranteed the return of all occupied territories. It excluded Silesia. The occupied territories were to be returned to their original owners. Persia's refusal to return Silesia caused another war between the Prussia and Austria. -
The Seven Year's War in North America Begins.
The British and the French fought over two main areas in North America. One consisted of the water ways in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. This was French territory. The other area was the unsettled Ohio River Valley, which the French were taking over. The French activity threatened to cut of the British settlers in the thirteen colonies. The French gained the support of the Native Americans because they were traders, not settlers. This made the British look bad. -
The beginning of the Seven Years' War in Europe.
Two longstanding alliances were reversed. The French-Austrian rivalry had been in existence since the late sixteenth century. The new rivalries replaced the old ones. The rivalry of Britain and France and the rivalry of Austria and Prussia were the new ones. Britain and France were fighting over colonial empires. Austria and Prussia were fighting over Silesia. -
British Take Control - The Seven Years' War in America
The French did not have any navy fleets causing them to be unable to reinforce their forts. A series of British victories occurred. British forces defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham, outside of Quebec. The British went on the seize Montreal in the Ohio River Valley. The French were forced to make Peace. -
6 weak successors follow Peter The Great.
These weak successors were often put into power & deposed by the palace guard. Some were murdered by a group of nobles. Peter III was the last successor. He had a wife named Catherine II. -
Catherine the Great emerges as ruler.
Her reign was from 1762-1796. She emerged as ruler when her husband, Peter III, was murdered. She was an intelligent woman. She was from Germany. She was very familiar with the works of the philosophers’. She favored enlightened reforms. -
The End of the Seven Years' War in Europe
Peter III, the new Russian czar, withdrew Russian troops from the conflict. He also withdrew them from the Prussian lands. This created a stalemate that lead to peace. All occupied territories were returned to their original owners, except Silesia. Austria officially recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia. -
The Treaty of Paris -The Seven Years' War in America
The treaty of Paris was a treaty between England and the French over land in America. The French were forced to transfer Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi River to England. Spain transferred Spanish Florida to British control. Spain is an ally of the French. In return, the French gave the Louisiana territory to the Spanish. By the end, Great Britain became the world's greatest colonial power. -
The End of the War in India
The struggle between Britain and France that took place in the rest of the world had more decisive results. This is known as The Great War for empire. It was fought in North America and India. The French had returned Madras to Britain after the war of The Austrian Succession. The struggle in India still continued. The British ultimately won out because they were more persistent. The French withdrew and left India to the British with the Treaty of Paris.
