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The French Revolution caused The Haitian Revolution of 1791.Many people were displeased with the France this caused many alliances with friends and enemies.
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THE WHITES, approximately 20,000 (divided into two groups): Planters = the wealthy whites. slave owners. disenchanted with France. Petit Blancs = working class whites. had a few slaves. not wealthy. FREE PERSONS OF COLOR: approximately 30,000. Wealthier than the petit-blancs. Had many slaves. harshes owners than whites often. BLACK SLAVES: 500,000 slaves. were treated more harshly than anywhere else in the world.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen passes in France.
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The Declaration is adopted by the National Assembly in Paris shortly after the French Revoltuion begins. The Declaration Raises questions about slavery - a big issue that affects the French colonized country of Saint-Domingue (Haiti.)
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In Saint-Dominhgue the Colonial Assemly forms ot combat actions the French National Assembly has taken on behalf of free blacks and mulattoes.
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The French National Assembly accepts a petition of rights for "free citizens" of color from Saint-Domingue
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VIncent Oge and Jean-Baptiste were captured and arrested by the Spanish in November of 1790. The Spanis turned them over to the whites.. Their captors (whites) killed them in March 1791.
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Creole slaves’ alliance with new African slaves and the Voodoo priest, Boukman led the conspiracy.
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Revolt of around 50,000 of the slaves on Saint Domingue. Powerful white plantation owners refused to submit to new laws that granted free people of color limited freedoms. This is the beginning of the Revolution
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The rebellion of the slaves in Saint Domingue begun tactics.
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After the revocation of the National Assembly's decree granting some free colored citizens voting rights on September 24, 1791, Le Cap is burned to the ground by rebelling slaves on September 26, 1791.
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Le Cap burns to the ground during the slave rebellions.
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One of the first original leaders to die.
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France wants to bring unity between free people of color and the Caucasians against the slaves. On April, 4th, the free people of color were given citizenship.
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Spain declares war against England and France in May of 1792. The European powers battle for control of the colony in Saint-Domingue.
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Spain declares war against England, then France. In Saint-Domingue, the European powers battle for control of the lucrative colony.
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The three new French civil commissioners -- Sonthonax, Polverel, and Ailhaud -- arrive; pledge support to the gens de couleur (free blacks) after the colonial whites refused to honor their enfranchisement.
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The Republic is declared, also abolishing the monarchy.
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Le cap was burned for a second time in 1793 after the chief commander of republican forces refuses help from Louverture in exchange for amnesty and emancipation. Le Cap was the main port in the north and an important strategic and symbolic target.
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Louverture's speech to blacks of Saint-Domingue to show that the revolution continues. "Brothers and friends, I am Toussaint Louverture; perhaps my name has made itself known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in St Domingue. I am working to make that happen. Unite yourselves to us, brothers and fight with us for the same cause. Your very humble and obedient servant, Toussaint Louverture, General of the armies of the king, for the public good."
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The National Convention of France abolishes slavery in France and in French territories, including Saint-Domingue.
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British forces land working with Spain to attack the French, however British troops were struck with yellow fever.
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British troops occupy most major seaports in the west and south. Spanish troops, along with a number of former slaves, occupy much of the western provinces.
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Toussaint captured the cities of Saint-Michel and Saint-Raphaël for the French.
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The treaty cedes Saint-Domingue to France. In the Treaty of Basel, the agreement is ratified.
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Louverture signs a secret alliance treaty with England and the United States.
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Louverture is proclaimed colony’s Supreme Commander-in-Chief. He begins to impose what is essentially a military dictatorship.
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Toussaint conquers Santo Domingo (the Spanish side of Hispaniola); he now controls the entire island and abolishes slavery throughout.
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Louverture proclaims the new constitution in Saint-Domingue and is declared Governor General for life.
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Le Cap is burned to the ground for the third time. This, along with the razing of the other major towns in the north deproved resources to french troops seeking respite from the diseases of the tropical climate.
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General Dessalines manages to hold out against over 12000 men with just 1500 at a fort at Crête-à-Pierrot. After surviving two assaults Dessalines manages to evacuate his small force and escape. This was a huge victory for the rebels as they put LeClerc, who was in charge of the French forces further behind a tight schedule LeClerc had been given by Napolean to restore order.
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Napoleon Bonaparte re-establishes slavery in Martinique, Tobago, and Saint-Lucie. Promises slavery will not be brought back to Saint Domingue.
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Black officers in the French military resigned and turned against the French. Rochambeau, started a campaign that focused on anti-racism.
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Toussaint and his army fought French troops and were defeated. He then resigned from governorship. Toussaint's army also joined the French and Toussaint was sent to a jail in France.
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LeClerc betrays Louverture after he surrenders in April of 1802, and Dessalines and Christophe defect in October of 1802. They take many mulatto and black generals who had fought and surrendered with Louverture, with them. In November that same year Rochambeau, whom was said by LeClerc to hate blacks, takes command of the French forces after LeClercs death. The revolution enters a new phase.
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Napoleon Bonaparte (France) secede their rights to the western hemisphere by allowing US to purchase Louisianna, and therefore withdrawing from his failied campaign in Saint-Domingue
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In Arcagaie, Dessalines creates the Haitian flag: Red, Blue, and White, the colors red and blue represending the unificaiton of blacks and mulattoes against the whites. Their generals swear allegiance to Dessalines in a cross-class alliance fighting off the white enemy.
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Jean-Jacques Dessalines and François Capois led the Haitian Rebel army to victory over French forces. The next day, Donatien de Rochambeau, leader of the French army negotiated a surrender with Dessalines which required the French army to leave Saint-Domingue. November 18 is celebrated as the Day of Victory or the Battle of Vertières Day in Haiti.
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Dessalines takes Cap Francais or "Le Cap" and renames it Cap Haitian. Rochambeau now leaves.
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Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Haiti an independent nation.
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Fears of whites leaving Haiti and convincing others to invade and reintroduce slavery led Jean-Jacques Dessalines to give the order that all white men should be put to death. From early February 1804 until April 22nd, 1804, 3,000 to 5,000 whites were killed.
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The second constitution of Haiti was ratified by Emperor Jacques I on May, 20th 1805. This constitution limited citizenship and power of whites while attempting to eliminate racism by declaring all citizens "black."
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Emperor Jacques I (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) was assassinated on October 17th, 1806 by an unknown individual(s), possibly his own men. His autocratic ways may have resulted in his death but his legacy as a founding father of Haiti still lives on. His death is celebrated as a public holiday.
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After the Battle of Sibert, Haiti was divided up into two parts, The Republic of Haiti (south) and The Kingdom of Haiti (north)
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Christophe becomes president of Haiti; names himself King Henry I; renames Cap Haïtien as Cap Henry.
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Interesting Facts: A defeated Napoleon considered an escape to the United States.Wet weather caused a fatal delay by Napoleon.Scavengers harvested “Waterloo teeth” from dead soldiers to make dentures.
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The Sans-Souci Palace
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Haiti is recognized by the U.S., 58 years after it's 1804 independence from France (no specific date can be found)
