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Göbekli Tepe is built in south east Anatolia during the Neolithic period: the inhabitants are hunter-gatherers. -
Troy is founded on the Dardanelles Strait.
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Hittites choose Ḫattuša as their capital in Central Anatolia
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Troy is devastated by the Greeks at the end of the war
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The reign of Urartu near lake Van is born -
Phrygia is at its peak with king Midas. -
Croesus, king of Lydia, is defeated by the Persians
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Alexander the Great defeats the Persians at the Granicus river.
The Granicus is today called the Biga River (Turkish: Biga Çayı). -
Mithtridates VI, said the Great, king of Pontus, wins against the Romans.
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Byzantine Empire. Costantinople is the new Roman Empire capital.
The city is founded in 324, dedicated on 11 May 330 and renamed Constantinopolis ("Constantine's City" or Constantinople in English). -
Byzantine christian emperor Theodosius I, said the Great, abolishes paganism.
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The greatest byzantine emperor after Constantine.
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The first Turks appear in Anatolia.
This Greek speaking territory turns into a Muslim one. -
The great schism: Separation between the ortodox churches in the East and the Roman catholic church in the West -
Battle of Manzinkert: Byzantines are defeated by the Selgiuq Turks
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Siege and sack of Constantinople during the fourth crusade, decline of Byzantine empire -
Mongols win at Köse Daği against Selgiuq in central Anatolia -
Osman founds a tribal dinasty that will lead to the Ottoman empire. -
Ottoman sultan Murad I takes Adrianople (Edirne) which becomes the new capital -
(Tamerlane) Timur's Mongols win against the Ottoman sultan Beyazit I in Ankara: this is a hard defeat for the Ottomans.
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Sultam Mehmed II conquers Constantinople: end of Byzantine empire -
Selim I, the Grim, defeats Persians in the Chāldirān battle (on the border between Ottoman empire and Persia) -
Selim I conquers Egypt, Syria and Palestine becoming the leader of the Islamic world
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Siege of Vienna is a failure for the Ottomans.
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The Franco-Ottoman Alliance is an alliance established in 1536 between the King of France Francis I and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman I.
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Ottoman decline is symbolized by the rise of Selim II, the Blond.
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Battle of Lepanto, defeat of Ottoman empire.
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Failure of the second siege of Vienna
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Greece gains Independence from the Ottoman Empire
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Tanzimat: reforms in the Ottoman empire
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Crimean war: Ottomans, France and England win over Russia.
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Ottoman Empire loses many territories in the Caucasus and the Balkans against Russia
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Allies enter Istanbul after the Ottomans' defeat in WWI.
After the Armistice (1918) it is placed under British, French, and Italian occupation until 1923. -
French troops advance into Cilicia in the southeast. Greece and Italy put forward competing claims for southwestern Anatolia. The Italians occupy Marmaris, Antalya and Burdur, and on May 15, 1919, Greek troops land at Izmir and begin a drive into the interior of Anatolia.
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Modern Turkish history may be said to begin on the morning of May 19, 1919, with Mustafa Kemal’s landing at Samsun, on the Black Sea coast of Anatolia.
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On March 16, 1920, in Istanbul, the Allies arrest leading nationalist sympathizers.
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Treaty of Sévres -
The Greek occupation of Smyrna (İzmir).
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On August 30, the Greek army is defeated decisively at the Battle of Dumlupınar, with many of its soldiers captured or slain and a large part of its equipment lost. This date is celebrated as Victory Day, a national holiday in Turkey.
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The Armistice of Mudanya. The Allies (Britain, France and Italy) retained control of eastern Thrace and the Bosporus. The Greeks were to evacuate these areas.
The Armistice of Mudanya was followed by the Treaty of Lausanne. Turkey and Greece came to an agreement covering an exchange of populations. Over one million Greek Orthodox Christians were displaced and were exchanged with about 500,000 Muslims displaced from Greek territories. -
Treaty of Lausanne. Signed by representatives of Turkey (successor to the Ottoman Empire) and by Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). The treaty recognized the boundaries of the modern state of Turkey. Turkey recognized British possession of Cyprus and Italian possession of the Dodecanese. The Turkish straits between the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea were declared open to all shipping.
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Ankara is the new capital
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Mustafa Kemal's program consist of “Six Arrows”: republicanism, nationalism, populism, statism, secularism, and revolution- a permanent state of revolution, meaning continuing change in the state and society.
The caliphate is abolished on March 3, 1924 (since the early 16th century, the Ottoman sultans had laid claim to the title of caliph of the Muslims). -
After the founding of the Turkish republic in 1923, the Arabic script is replaced by the Latin.
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Turkey enters the League of Nations. -
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, first President of Turkey, dies at the Dolmabahçe Palace, his official residence in Istanbul, on 10 November 1938.
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On 29 June 1939, following a referendum, Hatay becomes a Turkish province.
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Turkey remaines neutral until the final stages of World War II and tries to maintain an equal distance between both the Axis and the Allies until February 1945, when Turkey enters the war on the side of the Allies against Germany and Japan.
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General elections are held in Turkey on 14 May 1950, using the multiple non-transferable vote electoral system. The result is a landslide victory for the opposition Democrat Party, which wins 416 of the 487 seats.
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Anti-greek riots in Istanbul.
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First coup d'etat.
On May 27 the army acts; an almost bloodless coup is carried out by officers and cadets from the Istanbul and Ankara war colleges. The leaders establish a 38-member National Unity Committee with Gürsel as chairman. The Democrat leaders are imprisoned. -
Right to strike for Turkish workers.
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Riots among Greeks and Turks in Cyprus.
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Fights among left winged and right winged extremists in Turkey.
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Coup d'état by memorandum.
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Turkey invades Cyprus. The Turkish army occupies nearly two-fifths of the land area of the island,
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Civil riots all over Turkey, riots in Maraş among left-wing extremists and left-winged alevits.
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On September 12, 1980, the senior command of the army, led by General Kenan Evren, carries out a bloodless coup.
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A new constitution is approved by referendum in 1982. It provides for a strong president (elected for a seven-year term) who appoints the prime minister and senior judges and can dismiss parliament and declare a state of emergency. A unicameral parliament.
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The first elections under the new constitution are held in 1983: the Motherland Party (MP), emerges as the clear winner, gaining more than half the seats. Turgut Özal is the leader.
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300.000 islamic Bulgarians of Turkish origins arrive in Turkey from communist Bulgary.
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Turkey stands with the USA against Saddam Hussein's Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.
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Refah, islamic party, is fourth at the elections.
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Özal dies of a heart attack. Many think to a conspiracy.
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Mumcu, a reporter for Cumhuriyet, is killed by a car bomb while he is in his vehicle outside his home in Ankara. Mumcu reported on Islamic fundamentalism.
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Turkey is in a customs union with European Union.
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Tayyip Erdoğan is elected mayor of Istanbul.
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Earthquake near Istanbul.
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Al-Qaeda bombs in Istanbul.
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Southern Cyprus enters the EU.
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Start of negotiations to the entry of Turkey in EU.
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Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan's walkout of Davos during a talk about the Gaza crisis with the Israeli president Shimon Peres.
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Nine Turkish citizens die in a Israeli attack.
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Turkish economy is considered the 17th biggest economy in the world.
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AKP wins the elections.
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Arab spring
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Crisis in Syrian-Turkish relations: Syria strikes down a military Turkish jet.
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Autonomy of Kurdish community.
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A small faction within the army attempts to launch a coup against the AKP-led government.
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Voters narrowly approve a referendum that expands the powers of the presidency.
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Economic recession
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Turkey is one of a handful of countries to register economic growth in the first year of the global COVID-19 pandemic, but its financial crisis grows worse.
