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Magna Hungaria is the ancestral home of the Hungarians. Magna Hungaria was mentioned by the thirteenth-century Franciscan Giovanni da Plano Carpini in his reports of his travels in northern and central Asia. Friar Julian also visited Magna Hungaria in the interest of finding the Eastern Hungarians. According to the most common version, Magna Hungaria was in the forest-steppe regions of Bashkortostan, in the area of the Kushnarenkovo and Karayakupovo cultures, in the region of the Southern Urals.
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Levedia was a stronghold of the Hungarian tribes in the Eastern European wilderness in the 9th century. The movement of the Hungarians to this area was the work of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII. Based on various sources, it is assumed that the conquest took place around 750. The period of about four lifetimes was a long period at the time, and the exact date of the settlement is not recorded in human memory.
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Etelköz is a historical-geographical term used to denote the territory occupied by Magyars before the conquest. The exact location of the 'South Centre' is disputed. Constantine VII is clearly talking about two quite different provinces. In the first place, he refers to the western half of the Eastern European wilderness, the Dnieper, the Southern Bug, the Dniester, the Prut and the Sèret rivers, and in the second place to the Volga and the Ural rivers.
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According to the Hungarian tradition, the blood contract is the first basic contract of the Hungarian nation. According to tradition, the contract was concluded between the seven chieftains - according to Anonymus' Gesta Hungaroruma Álmos, Előd, Ond, Kond, Tas, Huba, Töhötöm, the seven tribes - Tarján, Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Nyék, Megyer and Kürtgyarmat - in Etelköz, by the leaders of the seven tribes, who, in order to confirm their obligations, put their blood into a vessel and mixed it there. -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 894
Magyars invasions of Europe -
In 894, the Hungarians made an alliance with Svatopluk, the memory of which is probably preserved in the so-called White Horse-Monda, a 14th century Hungarian chronicle. Under the terms of the agreement, the Hungarian and Moravian armies together invaded Arnulf's Pannonian province, causing, according to sources, serious destruction. It is thought that this assistance, and the death of Svatopluk, contributed to the Moravians' peace with the Franks in the autumn of that year. -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 895
Magyars invasions of Europe -
Magyars_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin Today's Great Plain and Slovakia from the Danube to the Garam in the north. -
The exact process and date of the conquest is difficult to determine as it is more of a process than an event. Historical tradition has simplistically referred to the seven tribes entering the Verecke Pass under the leadership of Prince Árpád as the conquest. -
After spending several days, Duke Árpád, having taken the advice of his noblemen, sent envoys to the castle of Bihar, to Duke Menumorout, asking him, by right of his forbear, King Attila, to give him the land from the Szamos [Zomus] river to the border of Nyr, up to the Meszes Gate [ad portam Mezesynam], and he sent him gifts, just as he had previously sent to Salan, duke of Titel [duci Tytulensy]. — Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum
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Magyars invasions of Europe - 899
Magyars invasions of Europe -
Magyars_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin Present-day Felvidék west of the Garama, north of the Danube -
Between 899-970, according to the contemporary sources, the researchers count 45 (according to Nagy Kálmán) or 47 (according to Szabados György 38 to West and 9 to East) raids in different parts of Europe. From these campaigns only 8 (17,5 %) were unsuccessful (901, 913, 933, 943, 948, 951, 955, 970) and 37 ended with success (82,5 %). (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe)
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In 899, these Magyars defeated Berengar's army in the Battle of Brenta River and invaded the northern regions of Italy. They pillaged the countryside around Treviso, Vicenza, Verona, Brescia, Bergamo and Milan. They also defeated Braslav, Duke of Lower Pannonia. -
In 901, Magyars attacked Italy again -
In 902, the Magyars led a campaign against northern Moravia and defeated the Moravians whose country was annihilated. -
Magyars_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin The areas west of the Danube are today's Transdanubia -
In 905, the Magyars and King Berengar formed an amicitia (friendship), and fifteen years passed without Hungarian troops entering Italy. -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 906
Magyars invasions of Europe -
The Battle of Pozsony was fought between 4 and 7 July 907 between the Christian Kingdom of the Frankish East. The battle against the Hungarians was fought primarily by the Bavarian army, but it suffered a crushing defeat. Both Prince Luitpold of Bavaria and Archbishop Theotmar of Salzburg were killed in the battle. The Hungarians gained further territory up to the Enns River, which became the Hungarian border until 955 and the conquest was completed with this battle. -
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On 3 August 908 the Magyarss won the Battle of Eisenach, Thuringia. Egino, Duke of Thuringia was killed, along with Burchard, Duke of Thuringia and Rudolf I, Bishop of Würzburg. Egino, Duke of Thuringia -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 910
Magyars invasions of Europe -
The Magyars defeated Louis the Child's united Frankish Imperial Army at the first Battle of Lechfeld in 910.
Battle of Lechfeld -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 915
Magyars invasions of Europe -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 917
Magyars invasions of Europe -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 920
Magyars invasions of Europe -
In 921, they defeated King Berengar's enemies at Verona and reached Apulia in 922. -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 924
Magyars invasions of Europe -
In 926, they ravaged Swabia and Alsace, campaigned through present-day Luxembourg and reached as far as the Atlantic Ocean. -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 926
Magyars invasions of Europe -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 927
Magyars invasions of Europe -
In 927, Peter, brother of Pope John X, called on the Magyars to rule Italy. They marched into Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento. -
In 933, a substantial Magyars army appeared in Saxony (the pact with the Saxons having expired) but was defeated by Henry I at Merseburg. Magyar attacks continued against Upper Burgundy (in 935) and against Saxony (in 936). -
The first major defeat of the Hungarian adventurers On 15 March 933, the adventuring Hungarian army led by Lehel and Bulcsú was defeated by the troops of the German King Henry I. (Madaras) and the Saxon Prince (r. 919-936) near Merseburg. Rubicon - A kalandozó magyarok első jelentős veresége Merseburgnál -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 934
Magyars invasions of Europe -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 936
Magyars invasions of Europe -
In 937, Magyars raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south. They attacked Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, reaching the walls of Constantinople. The Byzantines paid them a “tax” for 15 years. -
In 938, the Magyars repeatedly attacked Saxony. In 940, they ravaged the region of Rome. -
In 942, Magyars raids on Spain, particularly in Catalonia,took place, according to Ibn Hayyan's work. The Magyars raiding party passed through the Kingdom of the Lombards (northern Italy) and then through southern France, skirmishing along the way. They then invaded Thaghr al-Aqṣā ("Furthest March"), the northwestern frontier province of the Caliphate of Córdoba. On 7 July 942, the main army began the siege of Lleida (Lérida). -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 942
Magyars invasions of Europe -
In 947, Bulcsú, a chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia, and King Berengar II of Italy had to buy peace by paying a large amount of money to him and his followers. -
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Magyars invasions of Europe - 954
Magyars invasions of Europe In 954, there had been Hungarian incursions that had invaded the German lands to the south of the Danube, and then retreated back to their native country via Lotharingia, to the West Frankish Kingdom and finally, through Italy. -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 955 -
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The Battle of Lechfeld was a series of military engagements over the course of three days from 10–12 August 955 in which the Kingdom of Germany, led by King Otto I the Great, annihilated the Hungarian army led by Harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél and Súr. With the German victory, further invasions by the Magyars into Latin Europe were ended. -
Magyars invasions of Europe - 968
Magyars invasions of Europe -
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Instead of Byzantium, Prince Géza turned to Rome, like the Western European states, and established the Roman rite church organization in his principality.In 973 he sent envoys to the German-Roman Emperor Otto I, asking him for Roman Christian priests and missionaries. In time, Grand Duke Géza recognised the possibility and the need for the Hungarian nation to become a European state.