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Triple Entente,consisted of France, Britain,and Russia.
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Germany and Austria- Hungary,with the Ottoman Empire, mostly controlled by Turks,were the Central Powers.
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Serbian Nationalist Gavrilo Princip shot Archduke and his wife Sophie.
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Germany invaded Belgium, and called it the Schlieffen Plan; Called a holding action against Russia, quick drive through Belgium to Paris, and after France falls, they would take Russia.
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Killed two Americans
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German submarine sunk a British liner, killing 1,198 people.
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Where armies fought for mere yards of ground,continued throughout the entire war.
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Germany broke their promise and sank another passenger boat and 80 americans died.
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Consisted of Trench Warfare, and British casualties were 60,000 the first day,and in total, all casualties were 1.2 million.
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As the British blockade took place, 750,000 Germans starved to death, and americans began to become furious because they could not reach their intended ports.
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All nations could join in a league for peace to maintain freedom.
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telegram from german foreign minister the german ambassador in mexico,if war broke out with U.S.,they would help for return of their old territories.
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Revolution in Russia that broke out and replaced Russian Monarchy.
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Men to register with government in order to be randomly selected for military service
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An all black regiment that seeked more continuous duty on the front than any other regiment.
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Heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups.
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Men from widely separated parts of the country, led by that general
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Constant Bombardments led to shell shock
Physical Problems included disease called Trench Foot
PAinful infection of the gums and throat was Trench Mouth -
U.S. troops played a major role in throwing
back German attacks at Château-Thierry and Belleau Wood. In July and August, they helped win the Second Battle of the Marne. -
Alvin York, A redheaded mountaineer and blacksmith from Tennessee, York sought exemption as a conscientious objector, a person who opposes warfare on moral grounds
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Everywhere in Germany, groups of soldiers and workers organized revolutionary councils. On November 9, socialist leaders in the capital, Berlin, established a German republic. The kaiser gave up the throne.
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“Big Bill” Haywood and other leaders of the Industrial Workers of
the World (IWW) were accused of sabotaging the war effort because they urged workers to strike for better conditions and higher pay. Haywood was sentenced to a long prison term. Under such federal pressure, the IWW faded away. -
So at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, in the eleventh month
of 1918, Germany agreed to a cease-fire and signed the armistice, or truce, that ended the war. -
The main regulatory body was the War Industries Board. It was established in 1917 and reorganized in 1918 under the leadership of Bernard M. Baruch, a prosperous businessman. The board encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency. It also urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products.
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To deal with disputes between management and labor, President Wilson established the National War Labor Board in 1918. Workers who refused to obey board decisions could lose their draft exemptions.
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To help produce and conserve food, Wilson set up the Food Administration under Herbert Hoover. Instead of rationing food, he called on people to follow the “gospel of the clean plate.
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The government raised about one-third of this amount through taxes, including a progressive income tax, a war-profits tax, and higher excise taxes on tobacco, liquor, and luxury goods. It raised the rest through public borrowing by selling Victory Loan bonds. The government sold bonds through tens of thousands of volunteers.
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Creel persuaded the nation’s artists and advertising agencies to create thousands of paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war. He recruited some 75,000 men to serve as “Four-Minute Men,” who spoke about everything relating to the war: the draft, rationing, bond drives, victory gardens, and topics such as “Why We Are Fighting” and “The Meaning of America.”
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Many Americans with German names lost their jobs. Orchestras refused to play the music of Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms. Some towns with German names changed them. Schools stopped teaching the German language, and librarians removed books by German authors from the shelves. People even resorted to violence against German Americans, flogging them.
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Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts a person could be fined up to $10,000 and sentenced to 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or for saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort.
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Eugene V. Debs was handed a ten-year prison sentence for speaking out against the war and the draft.
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The anarchist Emma Goldman received a two-year prison sentence and a $10,000 fine for organizing the No Conscription League. When she left jail, the authorities deported her to Russia.
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- There should be no secret treaties among nations.
- Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all.
- Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade.
- Arms should be reduced “to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety
- Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples. The next eight points dealt with boundary changes.
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Finally, in a burst of anti-German fervor, Americans changed the name of German measles to “liberty measles.” Hamburger—named after the German city of Hamburg—became “Salisbury steak” or “liberty sandwich,” depending on whether you were buying it in a store or eating it in a restaurant. Sauerkraut was renamed “liberty cabbage,” and dachshunds turned into “liberty pups.”
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On November 3, 1918, Austria Hungary surrendered to the Allies.
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The treaty humiliated Germany. It contained a war-guilt clause
forcing Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting World War I. Although German militarism had played a major role in igniting the war, other European nations had been guilty of provoking diplomatic crises before the war. There was no way Germany could pay the huge financial reparations. Germany was stripped of its colonial possessions in the Pacific, which might have helped it pay its reparations bill. -
The Treaty of Versailles established nine new and shifted
the boundaries of other nations. It carved five areas out of the Ottoman Empire and gave them to France and Great Britain as temporary colonies. The treaty barred Germany from maintaining an army. It also required Germany to return the region of Alsace-Lorraine to France and to pay reparations, or war damages, amounting to $33 billion to the Allies.
