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- Led by Carranza and other revolutionary leaders
- People: Lost of 900,000 inhabitants in Mexico (plague, famine, emigrate), 100,000 people in army, consume 60% of budget Physical damage on Mexico: Railroads were bankrupt, 1,000/20,000 mi of telegraph wire destroyed, 50% of estate were wasted $1 billion of foreign debt
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- Brazil called for demilitarized zone (area with no troops or military installations) around South America
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- Canadian parliament sent 25,000 troops with an appropriation (money allocated for a specific purpose) of $50 million for war efforts
- Later sends 32,000 Canadians volunteered to fight
- Support from both English and French Canadians
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Wilson declared US neutrality
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- Suspend civil liberties in interest of war (censorship, suppression)
- Equivilent to US Sedition Act
- Suppress anti-war sentiment
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- Preserve economic status of families of those who volunteered to fight
- Accused of meddling with people’s lives, seen as interfering in lifestyle
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- Germany declared British water as a war zone, sank any ship
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Unrestricted submarine warfare
128 dead Americans -
Oversee all contracts for war supplies except munition
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- Pan-American financial conference organized by William McAdoo (US Treasury Secretary): discuss economic and financial dislocations
- EU flow cut, US market open for trade → LA delegates distrusted US motives
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1st issue of Victory Bonds raised $100 million (persuaded by telling people the money goes directly to relief)
- Followed by 4 other very successful issues (till 1917) -
- 289,000 employees - largest employer in Canada
- Produced ⅓ of shells fired by Allies in Western Front
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- Germany promise to evacuate capital ships before sinking them
- Hoped that Britain would relax blockade ⇒ Britain did not
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- Lasted till Nov 18, 1916
- Over 1 million casualties from both sides
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Attack from German-Americans
Exploded in Jersey City Harbour
$20 million worth of damage -
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- David Lloyd George became British Prime Minister, agreed to give dominions more say in running the war
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- New constitution under Carranza
- Article 27: Foreigners could not buy Mexican land unless they were prepared to accept Mexican law, subsoil deposits belonged to Mexican government (taxed)
- Response to foreign interest in mining and oil interest
- Consequence: US restrict its imports to Mexico
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German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sent telegram to Mexico Heinrich von Eckhart about possible alliance, Britain tells US in Feb
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- British did not loosen blockade
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7 ships with US citizens sunk after the breach
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- Sprin 1917 (no pres date)
- Allow dominion to have a say in the war
- Still UK making most of the decisions, most dominions could not make it to conferences
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- Brazil had sizeable merchant fleet that suffered due to damages of unrestricted submarine warfare.
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End of neutrality
Wilson could not keep the US out of the war < power of Congress -
- Goal: unite Americans before the war, led by journalist George Creel
- “Four Minute Men” - 75,000 speakers, tried to convince people that the war was a crusade for freedom (verbally attack anyone who disagreed)
- Anti-German propaganda ⇒ depict Germans as barbarians
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- Conservative and liberal Borden supporters
- Anyone against Laurier
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- Irigoyen called for all South American states to convene in order to discuss of continent-wide neutrality. He believed the war was an opportunity to extend its power in Latin America. This was a deliberate snub towards the US
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- Fines up to $10,000 and 20 yrs in jail for people suspected of supporting the enemy
- Silence Americans against the war, written works deemed seditious would be stopped
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- Massive strikes bring Sao Paulo to a halt, workers successful in better wages and working hours. Civil unrest result of crippling inflation.
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Wilson created War Industries Board to coordinates tasks of finance and supplies
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Allow Hoover to set wheat prices at $2.20 per bushel - encourage production (towards farmers, high prices = more revenue)
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Maintain Canada’s rights to be involved in decision-making in Imperial War Cabinet (needed a certain amount of troops)
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- Letter from the German Minister in Buenos Aires was intercepted and published in US newspapers. This insulted many Argentine leaders calling them “pompous ass”, and insinuating that Argentine ships should either be completely left alone or “sunk without a trace” → this meant all survivors could be machine gunned to death so there would be no witness of the sinking and no blame towards Germany.
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- Act for Borden to win votes
- Give women with relatives in war right to vote
- Took away right to vote from immigrants from Central Powers who came after 1902
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- Act to Borden to gain votes
- All military personnel (including nurses) allowed to vote
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- Brazil declares war on Germany because another ship the Macau being sunk. Was fed up with submarine Warfare.
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- Postponed elections were supposed to be in 1916
- Borden's acts influence/manipulate 25% votes - winner
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- Senior Morgan partner Thomas Lamont assumed the position of chairman of the International Committee of Bankers on Mexico, which was formed to help Mexico repay its external debt obligations.
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Desire to not waste resources such as grains
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- Response to major German offensive
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Set wages and standards of employment during war
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- List of 8 precise criminal offences to government to prevent the spread of anti-war sentiment
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- Lowest point on the post-war industrial unrest
- Jan 3rd- British owned Vasena strikers became violent when they fired on police. Jan 7th- battled with the police again and lost 5 of their members. Jan 9th- at the funerals there were riots and attacks on property throughout the city
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- British dominions gained more power
- Wilson (US) propose 14 points and League of Nations
